Health care workers must protect patients from influenza by taking the annual vaccine
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* Ken Flegel

No right-thinking physician would ever knowingly harm a patient or fail to do some essential thing that would result in harm to a patient. This principle of medical practice is enshrined in the Latin dictum *primum non nocere* (first, do no harm). But when 55%–65% of physicians fail to take the annual seasonal influenza vaccine,1 they are exposing their patients to the risk of death from influenza.2 In Canada, the annual rate of influenza infection averages 5%–10% of the population; about 20 000 hospital admissions result, and between 4000 and 8000 deaths are attributed to influenza.3 Each season, 20% of health care workers get influenza, and 28%–59% of young healthy adults who get it have asymptomatic or subclinical infections. Some of them may shed virus up to a day before symptoms appear.4 It is time that all people who work in a health care institution be vaccinated.

The benefits of vaccination in health care workers are clear. Efficacy rates are about 86% when the circulating strain and vaccine strain are well matched.4 There is less influenza (and mortality) among patients and staff and less time lost from work. An overview of 4 randomized trials showed a 5%–20% reduction in overall seasonal mortality in residents of chronic care institutions where staff vaccination rates were 51%–70% in intervention groups versus 3.5%–32% in control groups.5 Most patients in acute care hospitals are sicker than the ones in these studies and less able to resist a new infection or mount an immune response. Furthermore, a cost–benefit analysis from a health systems perspective found that for every US$1000 spent on vaccination of health care workers, US$1600 in costs was saved.6

Compulsory vaccination may be regarded as ethically questionable because it violates a person’s autonomy. But in the case of influenza vaccination, the autonomy of health care workers comes into conflict with the best interests of the patient. Patients should come first, and in similar situations they do already. For example, a surgeon infected with HIV or a hepatitis virus is not allowed to operate.

Barriers to taking the annual vaccine include fear of getting sick or getting the flu from it, belief that the person “does not get the flu” or that the vaccine will not work, and belief that the vaccine has not been proven to protect patients. All of these reasons appear now to be untenable. The inactivated virus that is used cannot induce influenza.6 Adverse effects consist mainly of local reaction, low-grade fever and runny nose. Serious complications such as Guillain–Barré syndrome occur at a rate close to the background annual rate of 1 in 100 000, and strains with the potential to induce Guillain–Barré syndrome are generally avoided in creation of the vaccine.6,7

To justify compulsory vaccination, there must be an outbreak of serious illness; immunity levels must be low; the vaccine must be effective, safe and available; and vaccine uptake must be low.5,8 These conditions appear to be met for annual seasonal influenza. Exemptions could be granted for medical contraindications or for deeply held religious or philosophical convictions.

Campaigns and promotions have been attempted and have resulted in only a 22%–52% increase in vaccination rates.1 Compulsory programs for health care workers have resulted in participation rates above 95% in the leadership example of many Philadelphia teaching hospitals, as well as in a host of public and private American health care institutions.5 Public Health Ontario recently changed its guideline to recommend a mandatory program.9 The participation rate needs to be above 90% to prevent importation and to interrupt transmission within a hospital.

Our schools have shown us the way. During measles outbreaks, access to schools has been successfully denied to non-vaccinated children and staff. The time has come for health care institutions to demand that all health care workers be vaccinated. Our patients’ lives depend on this change.

## Footnotes

*   **Competing interests:** See [www.cmaj.ca/site/misc/cmaj\_staff.xhtml](http://www.cmaj.ca/site/misc/cmaj_staff.xhtml)

## References

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