Study characteristics
| Study | Country of residence | No. of participants | Mean age, yr | Sex, female, % | Clinical condition | Primary outcome measure | No. of sessions | Length follow-up, d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alegría, 2014 (79) | USA Puerto Rico | 257 | 45 | 82 | Depression | Severity of depression measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 | 8 | 120 |
| Andersson, 2013 (35) | Sweden | 69 | 42 | 78 | Depression | Depression severity measured by Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale | 7 for remote, 8 for in-person | 1095 |
| Andrews, 2011 (36) | Australia | 37 | 32 | 41 | Social phobia | Social phobia measured by Social Interaction Anxiety Scale | 6 | 56 |
| Axelsson, 2020 (37) | Sweden | 204 | 39 | 70 | Health anxiety | Health anxiety measured by Health Anxiety Inventory | 12 | 365 |
| Azimi, 2019 (81) | Iran | 30 | NR | 67 | Insomnia and comorbid depression | Gross memory impairment measured by Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test | 6 | 30 |
| Bergström, 2010 (38) | Sweden | 104 | 34 | 61 | Panic disorder | Panic disorder severity measured by Panic Disorder Severity Scale | 10 | 180 |
| Bessell, 2012 (39) | England | 56 | 46 | 61 | Appearance concern | Appearance concern measured by Derriford Appearance Scale-24 | 8 | 180 |
| Blom, 2015 (40) | Sweden | 48 | 54 | 48 | Insomnia | Insomnia severity measured by Insomnia Severity Index | 8 | 180 |
| Burgess, 2012 (78) | UK | 80 | 37 | 79 | CFS | Fatigue measured by Chalder Fatigue Scale | 12 for remote 11 for in-person | 365 |
| Carlbring, 2005 (46) | Sweden | 49 | 35 | 71 | Panic disorder | Anxiety associated with physiologic sensations measured by Body Sensations Questionnaire | 7 for remote 9 for in-person | 365 |
| Choi, 2014 (77) | USA | 158 | 65 | 79 | Depression | Depression measured by HAM-D | 6 | 252 |
| Conrad, 2015 (47) | Germany | 84 | 51 | 42 | Chronic tinnitus | Tinnitus distress measured by Tinnitus Handicap Inventory | 18 for remote 10 for in-person | 365 |
| de Boer, 2014 (48) | Netherland | 72 | 52 | 64 | Nonspecific chronic pain | Pain catastrophizing measured by Pain Catastrophizing Scale | 8 | 60 |
| Egede, 2015 (76) | USA | 241 | 64 | 2 | Depression | Depression measured by BDI | 8 | 360 |
| Frueh, 2007 (75) | USA | 38 | 56 | 0 | PTSD | PTSD symptom severity measured by PTSD Checklist-M | 14 | 90 |
| Glueckauf, 2012 (74) | USA | 14 | 67 | 90 | Depression | Depression measured by CES-D | 12 | 91 |
| Gollings, 2006 (49) | Australia | 40 | 22 | 100 | Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating | Body shape concern measured by Body Shape Questionnaire | 8 | 60 |
| Granberg, 2022 (73) | USA | 41 | 33 | 63 | Insomnia | Qualitative measurement examining provider- and patient-level perspectives, attitudes, and preferences regarding CBT-I delivered via telemedicine versus in-person delivery, as well as barriers and facilitators to delivery or receipt of care in each approach | 6 | 90 |
| Hall, 2017 (72) | USA | 100 | 49 | 90 | CFS | CFS symptoms measured by Chalder Fatigue Scale | 10 for remote 12 for in-person | 70 for remote 84 for in-person |
| Heapy, 2017 (34) | USA | 125 | 58 | 21 | Chronic back pain | Pain intensity measured by Numeric Rating Scale | 10 | 270 |
| Hedman, 2011 (50) | Sweden | 126 | 35 | 36 | Social anxiety disorder | Social phobia measured by Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale | 15 | 180 |
| Himelhoch, 2013 (71) | USA | 34 | 45 | 74 | Depression | Depression symptom severity measured by HAM-D | 11 | 98 |
| Jarnefelt, 2020 (51) | Finland | 53 | 43 | 74 | Insomnia | Severity of insomnia measured by Insomnia Severity Index | 10 for remote 6 for in-person | 180 |
| Jasper, 2014 (52) | Sweden | 84 | 51 | 42 | Chronic tinnitus | Tinnitus distress measured by Tinnitus Handicap Inventory | 18 | 180 |
| Johansson, 2021 (53) | Sweden | 301 | 50 | 38 | Alcohol use disorder | Number of standard drinks consumed measured by timeline follow-back method | 8 | 180 |
| Kaldo, 2008 (43) | Sweden | 51 | 46 | 43 | Distress associated with tinnitus | Tinnitus distress measured by Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire | 7 | 365 |
| Kenardy, 2003 (63) | Australia | 95 | 37 | 76 | Panic disorder | Panic–anxiety composite score | 6 | 180 |
| Kheirkhah, 2023 (70) | Iran | 60 | 33 | 100 | Depression | Depression measured by BDI | 9 | 56 |
| Kiropoulos, 2008 (54) | Australia | 86 | 39 | 72 | Panic disorder | Panic severity measured by Panic Disorder Severity Scale | 12 | 84 |
| Lancee, 2016 (56) | Netherland | 60 | 40 | 80 | Insomnia | Insomnia severity measured by Insomnia Severity Index | 6 | 180 |
| Laurel Franklin, 2018 (69) | USA | 18 | 54 | 0 | Trauma-related insomnia | Sleep problems measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | 6 | 90 |
| Leterme, 2020 (55) | France | 80 | 37 | 65 | Adjustment disorder with anxiety | Trait anxiety measured by State–Trait Anxiety Inventory | 5 | 180 |
| Liu, 2020 (68) | USA | 207 | 48 | 23 | PTSD | PTSD severity measured by CAPS | 12 | 180 |
| Lovell, 2006 (67) | UK | 72 | 31 | 60 | OCD | OCD measured by the Yale Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale | 10 | 180 |
| Lundström, 2022 (45) | Sweden | 80 | 33 | 65 | OCD | OCD severity measured by Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale | 10 for remote 16 for in-person | 365 |
| Luxton, 2016 (64) | USA | 121 | NR | 18 | Depression | Depression measured by BDI-II | 8 | 90 |
| Maieritsch, 2016 (66) | USA | 90 | 31 | 7 | PTSD | PTSD severity measured by CAPS | 10 | 84 |
| McAndrew, 2018 (82) | USA | 128 | 57 | 6 | Chronic multi-symptom Illness | Role physical measured by Role Physical Subscale VR-36 | 10 | 360 |
| Meng, 2019 (65) | USA | 109 | 59 | 92 | Depressive symptoms | Health services use and total health care expenditures | 12 | 84 |
| Milgrom, 2021 (41) | Australia | 78 | 32 | 100 | Postnatal depression | Severity of depression measured by BDI-II | 10 for remote 6 for in-person | 147 |
| Mitchell, 2008 (85) | USA | 128 | 29 | 98 | Bulimia nervosa | Binge eating frequency measured by Eating Disorder Examination | 20 | 365 |
| Mohr, 2012 (84) | USA | 325 | 48 | 78 | Depression | Depression measured by HAM-D | 18 | 126 |
| Morland, 2014 (87) | USA | 125 | 55 | 0 | PTSD | PTSD severity measured by CAPS | 12 | 180 |
| Paxton, 2007 (60) | Australia | 79 | 26 | 100 | Body image and eating disorder | Body dissatisfaction measured by Body Shape Questionnaire | 8 | 180 |
| Peterson, 2022 (44) | USA | 120 | 41 | 12 | PTSD | PTSD symptom severity measured by PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 | 12 | 180 |
| Sadeghijoola, 2022 (83) | Iran | 40 | 54 | 100 | Vasomotor symptoms | Frequency of hot flashes measured by Kupperman Hot Flash Index | 6 | 98 |
| Stubbings, 2013 (57) | Australia | 26 | 30 | 58 | Mood and anxiety disorders | Depression, anxiety, and stress measured by Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale | 12 | 42 |
| Thase, 2018 (58) | USA | 154 | 46 | 66 | Depression | Depression severity measured by HAM-D | 21 | 180 |
| Vallejo, 2015 (61) | Spain | 40 | 52 | 100 | Fibromyalgia | Global impact of fibromyalgia measured by Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire | 10 | 365 |
| Wagner, 2014 (59) | Switzerland | 62 | 38 | 65 | Depression | Depression severity measured by BDI-II | 7 | 90 |
| Watts, 2020 (86) | Canada | 115 | 41 | 83 | Generalized anxiety disorder | Working alliance scores measured by Working Alliance Inventory | 15 | 105 |
| Ye, 2016 (80) | China | 53 | 46 | 81 | Insomnia | Sleep onset latency | 8 | 56 |
| Ying, 2022 (42) | China | 220 | 42 | 53 | Depression | Depressive symptoms measured by CES-D | 5 | 180 |
| Zerwas, 2017 (62) | USA | 196 | 28 | 98 | Bulimia nervosa | Abstinence from binge eating and purging measured by Eating Disorders Examination Interview | 16 | 365 |
Note: BDI = Beck Depression Inventory, CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, CBT-I = cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CFS = chronic fatigue syndrome, DSM-5 = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, HAM-D = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, NR = not reported, OCD = obsessive–compulsive disorder, PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder, VR-36 = Veterans RAND 36-Item Health Survey.