Genes and mechanisms involved in common complex diseases, such as the autoimmune
disorders that affect approximately 5% of the population, remain obscure. Here we identify …

It is often assumed that there is little or no sex bias within either Type I (insulin-dependent) or
Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. This review considers evidence that sex …

Type 1 diabetes results from the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the
pancreas. Genetic and, as yet undefined, environmental factors act together to precipitate the …

Background Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing
β-cells in the pancreas resulting from the action of environmental factors on …

The incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes has risen over the past 50 years. We compared
the frequency of HLA class II haplotypes in 194 patients diagnosed more than 50 years ago …

Early onset type 1 diabetes is associated with rapid β-cell failure and high levels of HLA-mediated
genetic susceptibility. We examined familial risk of disease in relation to age at onset …

The autoimmune disease process leading to childhood-onset type 1 diabetes appears to start
in infancy, and decisions on treatment to prevent initiation of autoimmunity will need to be …

Type 1 diabetes susceptibility at the IDDM2 locus was previously mapped to a variable
number tandem repeat (VNTR) 5′ of the insulin gene (INS). However, the observation of …

Recent epidemiological data have shown that more than half of all new cases of type 1
diabetes occur in adults. Key genetic, immune, and metabolic differences exist between adult- …

Maternal cells have recently been found in the circulation and tissues of mothers' immune-competent
children, including in adult life, and is referred to as maternal microchimerism (MMc)…