Background Physical activity has a protective effect against cardiovascular disease (CVD)
in high-income countries, where physical activity is mainly recreational, but it is not known if …

Background The relationship between macronutrients and cardiovascular disease and
mortality is controversial. Most available data are from European and North American …

PURPOSE: To compare the contributions of fitness level and physical activity patterns to all-cause
mortality. METHODS: Of 6213 men referred for exercise testing between 1987 and …

The global obesity epidemic is well established, with increases in obesity prevalence for
most countries since the 1980s. Obesity contributes directly to incident cardiovascular risk …

Background Reduced muscular strength, as measured by grip strength, has been associated
with an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Grip strength is appealing …

Background Global estimates of the effect of common modifiable risk factors on cardiovascular
disease and mortality are largely based on data from separate studies, using different …

Background The optimal range of sodium intake for cardiovascular health is controversial.
Methods We obtained morning fasting urine samples from 101,945 persons in 17 countries …

Background More than 80% of deaths from cardiovascular disease are estimated to occur in
low-income and middle-income countries, but the reasons are unknown. Methods We …

This guideline update reflects substantial advances in the epidemiology, determinants,
pathophysiology, assessment, prevention and treatment of obesity, and shifts the focus of obesity …

Background: It was suggested that body fat distribution differs across ethnic groups, and this
may be important when considering risk of disease. Previous studies have not adequately …