Deaths and injuries from road rage: cases in Canadian newspapers ================================================================ * Reginald G. Smart * Robert E. Mann In the past few years “road rage” has appeared as a new problem for Canadians, at least in the popular media. Reports on road rage have recently come from Canada,1 as well as the United States2,3,4 and Europe.5,6 The term road rage has no clear definition but is used when a driver or passenger attempts to kill, injure or intimidate a pedestrian or another driver or passenger or to damage their vehicle in a traffic incident. There is surprisingly little reliable information or scientific research on road rage in Canada and elsewhere.7 Newspaper reports represent one of the few sources of information about road rage, because neither health care facilities nor the police routinely collect information about this problem. The purpose of this article is to examine reports of road rage incidents in Canadian newspapers. We examined reports for 1998–2000 from the archives of the Canadian Press, a wire service that gathers news from 99 newspapers in all areas in Canada and has its own reporters in most major Canadian cities. We obtained all reports in the study period in which road rage was mentioned in the title or text. In 96 articles, 59 separate cases of road rage were reported; the major features of the cases are summarized in Table 1. View this table: [Table1](http://www.cmaj.ca/content/167/7/761/T1) Table 1. Most reported road rage cases occurred because of cutting in and out, lane changes, disputes over parking spots or rude gestures. Young people and men were most frequently involved in road rage cases. There were male perpetrators in 57 cases (96.6%) and female perpetrators in only 5 (8.5%). Men were victims of road rage in 57 cases (96.6%), as were women in 13 cases (22%). The average age was 33.0 years for perpetrators and 34.3 years for victims. Among the cases reported, 72.9% involved nonfatal injuries to 59 individuals (43 cases) and 6.8% involved deaths (4 cases). All of the reported injuries were serious and required medical attention. In all but 2 cases that involved injury to pedestrians, all of those injured were drivers or passengers. The most common injuries occurred as a result of beatings with fists, bats or clubs. Three deaths involved shootings and one, a heart attack. In 43 cases (72.9%), criminal charges were laid, usually assault, manslaughter or dangerous driving, because there is no charge specifically for “road rage.” In no cases were charges for alcohol or drugs offences laid, nor is alcohol or drug consumption mentioned in any of the cases in which police investigations were reported. Newspaper reports cannot be used to estimate the total number of cases but can give us a first, cursory look at road rage, and it appears that road rage does result in deaths and serious injuries in Canada. These reports could represent the “tip of the iceberg,” with many or most cases going unreported. Survey research on the experience of road rage is necessary. In addition, information about road rage may be concealed in official reports of driver actions as causes of collisions. For example, in Ontario in 1998, 57.8% of fatal collisions involved unknown driver actions or actions not considered proper driving, including following too close, failure to yield right of way, careless driving and dangerous driving.8 It is possible that, on closer inspection, collision statistics could reveal a significant role for road rage as a cause of death and injury on Canadian roads. 𝛃 See related articles pages [747](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/volpage/167/747) and [769](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/volpage/167/769) ## Footnotes * This article has been peer reviewed. *Contributors:* Both authors contributed to the conception and design of the study and to the analysis of the data. Both contributed to the writing and revisions to the paper and gave approval of the final version. *Acknowledgements:* We acknowledge the help of Susan Bonato and Sheila Lacroix at the CAMH Library in searching the newspaper archives. This research was supported by a grant from AUTO21, a member of the Networks of Centres of Excellence (NCE) progamme, which is administered and funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), in partnership with Industry Canada. *Competing interests:* None declared. ## References 1. 1. 1 in 5 Canadians a victim of road rage. *Toronto Star* 2001 Sept 2. 2. 2. Sarkar S, Martineau A, Emami M, Khatib M, Wallace K. *Spatial and temporal analyses of the variations in aggressive driving and road rage behaviors observed and reported on San Diego freeways*. San Diego: California Institute of Transportation Safety; 2000. 3. 3. Joint M. *Road rage*. Washington: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety; 1995. 4. 4. Wells-Parker E, Ceminsky J, Hallberg V, Snow RW, Dunaway G, Guiling S, et al. An exploratory study of the relationship between road rage and crash experience in a representative sample of US drivers. Accid Anal Prev 2002;34: 271-8. [CrossRef](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00021-5&link_type=DOI) [PubMed](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/external-ref?access_num=11939355&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fcmaj%2F167%2F7%2F761.atom) 5. 5. Harding RW, Morgan FH, Indermaur D, Ferrante A, Blagg H. Road rage and the epidemiology of violence: something old, something new. Stud Crime Crime Prev 1998;7:221-38. 6. 6. Parker D, Lajunen T, Summala H. Anger and aggression among drivers in three European countries. Accid Anal Prev 2002;34:229-35. [CrossRef](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00018-5&link_type=DOI) [PubMed](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/external-ref?access_num=11829293&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fcmaj%2F167%2F7%2F761.atom) 7. 7. Smart RG, Mann RE. Is road rage a serious traffic problem? *Traffic Inj Prev*. In press. 8. 8. Ontario Ministry of Transportation. *Ontario road safety annual report, 1998*. Toronto: The Ministry; 1998.