Low risk of depression in diabetes? Would that it were so
=========================================================

* Deborah J. Wexler

Practitioners who care for patients with diabetes are familiar with the problems of comorbid depression: decreased compliance with treatment, increased risk of complications and disability, and diminished health-related quality of life. The large body of data outlined by Brown and colleagues1 has demonstrated that the prevalence of depression is increased in diabetes and vice-versa. How, then, are we to understand their finding1 that type 2 diabetes does not increase the risk of depression?

Using administrative databases that capture 99% of Saskatchewan's population, these authors identified 31 635 adults with type 2 diabetes newly diagnosed between 1992 and 2000, and followed them for an average of 4.5 years. Patients with type 2 diabetes were identified by outpatient or inpatient service codes for diabetes; gestational diabetes was excluded. The study cohort was limited to those dispensed a hypoglycemic drug to be taken orally; subjects who met the case definition within the preceding 3 years (1989 through 1991) were excluded. Controls were 57 141 people without diabetes who were randomly selected from the database and matched to cases only by the date of identification of diabetes.

Similarly, patients in the cohort who experienced depression were identified by the diagnosis codes for depressive disorders and prescriptions for antidepressant medications. Again, patients who met this definition during the 3 years preceding the study period were excluded. With this method, a greater proportion of cases (4.9% of patients with diabetes) than controls (3.8% of patients without diabetes) were excluded from the study cohort because of prior depression. In the remaining cohort, the authors modelled the hazard ratio of new-onset depression according to presence of diabetes both in crude models and in models adjusted for age, sex, number of physician visits, insulin usage and comorbidities (including arthritis, cancer, stroke, coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease).

With these selection criteria, the authors included subjects with generally recent-onset, mild type 2 diabetes, and excluded depression-prone subjects (i.e., those with a history of depression). Although type 2 diabetes can be quite advanced at the time of diagnosis, most patients with type 2 diabetes do not develop serious complications within 5 years of diagnosis. Moreover, by including only subjects treated with oral hypoglycemics, Brown's group excluded as well those patients with severe comorbidities (e.g., renal failure, heart failure) that preclude oral hypoglycemic use; such comorbidities are known to be associated with depression. As a result of their selection criteria, the authors have suggested that patients with relatively recent-onset diabetes, and with little in the way of advanced complications, are not at higher risk for depression than people without diabetes.

However, their data belie their title, since even patients with new-onset diabetes had an increased risk of depression; those with more severe diabetes had an even higher risk. In this study's Saskatchewan population, patients with diabetes had a statistically significant 10% increased risk of developing depression in crude analyses. Patients treated with insulin — which the authors appropriately consider to be a proxy for severity of disease — had an unadjusted 34% increase in their risk of developing depression. After adjusting for peripheral arterial disease (and thereby controlling for the effect of severe complications), diabetes alone was no longer associated with increased risk of depression, whereas complications of diabetes marked by the presence of peripheral arterial disease were.

Other studies have shown that mild, asymptomatic, type 2 diabetes is not associated with depression or impaired quality of life, whereas symptomatic comorbidities and insulin use appear to be risk factors.2–5 Population-based studies, as opposed to those carried out in clinical settings, have shown relatively high quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes.6,7 Brown and colleagues' results are consistent with those of prior studies and suggest that although asymptomatic early diabetes may not increase the risk for depression, the risk of depression is increased when all patients with diabetes are taken into account.

The onset of type 2 diabetes is far more insidious than many other diseases such as stroke, which has an abrupt and devastating onset, or arthritis, which is usually diagnosed after pain has developed; both of these conditions are strongly associated with depression in this and other studies. In the absence of hyper-or hypoglycemia, patients with early type 2 diabetes may be asymptomatic. Once complications emerge, the prevalence and risk of depression climbs. Brown and colleagues' findings remind us that we should focus our attention among patients newly diagnosed with diabetes on prevention of complications, while at the same time remaining sensitive to the risk of depression if, despite all efforts, complications of diabetes develop.

@ See related article page [42](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/volpage/175/42)

## Footnotes

*   This article has been peer reviewed.
    
    **Competing interests:** None declared.

## REFERENCES

1.  1. Brown LC, Majumdar SR, Newman SC, et al. Type 2 diabetes does not increase risk of depression. CMAJ 2006;175(1):42-6.
    
    [Abstract/FREE Full Text](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoiY21haiI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo4OiIxNzUvMS80MiI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjE5OiIvY21hai8xNzUvMS80Ny5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=) 

2.  2. Wexler DJ, Grant RW, Wittenberg E, et al. Correlates of health-related quality of life in type 2 diabetes. *Diabetologia* DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0249-9. Epub 2006 Apr 29 ahead of print.
    
    

3.  3. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients is affected by complications but not by intensive policies to improve blood glucose or blood pressure control (UKPDS 37). Diabetes Care 1999;22:1125-36.
    
    [Abstract/FREE Full Text](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NzoiZGlhY2FyZSI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo5OiIyMi83LzExMjUiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoxOToiL2NtYWovMTc1LzEvNDcuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9) 

4.  4. Redekop WK, Koopmanschap MA, Stolk RP, et al. Health-related quality of life and treatment satisfaction in Dutch patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:458-63.
    
    [Abstract/FREE Full Text](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NzoiZGlhY2FyZSI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo4OiIyNS8zLzQ1OCI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjE5OiIvY21hai8xNzUvMS80Ny5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=) 

5.  5. Bell RA, Smith SL, Arcury TA, et al. Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among rural older African Americans, Native Americans, and whites with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:823-9.
    
    [Abstract/FREE Full Text](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NzoiZGlhY2FyZSI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo4OiIyOC80LzgyMyI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjE5OiIvY21hai8xNzUvMS80Ny5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=) 

6.  6. Manuel DG, Schultz SE. Health-related quality of life and health-adjusted life expectancy of people with diabetes in Ontario, Canada, 1996–1997. Diabetes Care 2004;27:407-14.
    
    [Abstract/FREE Full Text](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NzoiZGlhY2FyZSI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo4OiIyNy8yLzQwNyI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjE5OiIvY21hai8xNzUvMS80Ny5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=) 

7.  7. Maddigan SL, Feeny DH, Johnson JA. Health-related quality of life deficits associated with diabetes and comorbidities in a Canadian National Population Health Survey. Qual Life Res 2005;14:1311-20.
    
    [CrossRef](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1007/s11136-004-6640-4&link_type=DOI) 
    
    [PubMed](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/external-ref?access_num=16047506&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fcmaj%2F175%2F1%2F47.atom) 
    
    [Web of Science](http://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/external-ref?access_num=000229642000011&link_type=ISI)