Article Figures & Tables
Tables
Characteristic GHQ-12 score 0 (n = 41 665) 1–3 (n = 16 915) ≥ 4 (n = 10 072) Age, yr, mean (SD) 55.1 (13.5) 55.1 (14.4) 53.8 (14.1) Male, % 47.9 42.5 37.5 Socioeconomic group, % Professional 40.3 38.8 34.1 Intermediate 40.8 40.7 40.9 Partly skilled/unskilled 18.9 20.5 25.0 Smoking status, % Never 42.4 40.9 39.1 Former 36.7 35.6 31.9 Current 21.0 23.5 29.0 Use of antihypertensive agents, %* 10.9 12.5 12.1 White ethnicity, % 96.6 95.9 95.2 Note: GHQ-12 = 12-item General Health Questionnaire.
↵* Includes diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-blockers and calcium-channel blockers.
- Table 2:
The association between psychological distress and death due to cardiovascular disease among the study participants (n = 68 652)
Mental distress, score on GHQ-12 Cases, no. Age- and sex- adjusted HR (95% CI) Multivariable adjusted* HR (95% CI) Cerebrovascular disease 0 n = 41 665
2951.00 1.00 1 – 3 n = 16 915
1601.21 (1.00–1.47) 1.20 (0.99–1.46) ≥4 n = 10 072
1071.67 (1.34–2.09) 1.66 (1.32–2.08) p for trend < 0.001 < 0.001 Ischemic heart disease 0 n = 41 665
5481.00 1.00 1– 3 n = 16 915
2881.31 (1.13–1.51) 1.26 (1.09–1.46) ≥4 n = 10 072
1741.65 (1.39–1.96) 1.59 (1.34–1.88) p for trend < 0.001 < 0.001 All cardiovascular disease 0 n = 41 665
12731.00 1.00 1– 3 n = 16 915
6521.21 (1.09–1.32) 1.16 (1.06–1.28) ≥ 4 n = 10 072
4421.68 (1.50–1.87) 1.61 (1.44–1.79) p for trend < 0.001 < 0.001 Note: CI = confidence interval, GHQ-12 = 12-item General Health Questionnaire, HR = hazard ratio.
↵* Model adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic group, smoking, use of antihypertensive medication and year in which the survey was done.