Driver | Mixed financing, Canada | Universal public financing | Universal social insurance financing | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | New Zealand | Norway | Sweden | UK | France | Germany | Netherlands | Switzerland | ||
Volume | ||||||||||
Domestic expenditure per capita, $ | 158 | 91 | 23 | 59 | 56 | 81 | 106 | 97 | 49 | 171 |
Comparator expenditure per capita, $ | 91 | 99 | 99 | 99 | 100 | 103 | 96 | 99 | 101 | 96 |
Difference in expenditure, % | 74 | −8 | −77 | −41 | −44 | −22 | 10 | −2 | −52 | 77 |
Domestic days of therapy per capita | 260 | 222 | 228 | 198 | 243 | 267 | 236 | 279 | 238 | 202 |
Comparator days of therapy per capita | 253 | 256 | 254 | 255 | 254 | 251 | 258 | 245 | 255 | 255 |
Difference in days of therapy, % | 3 | −13 | −11 | −22 | −4 | 6 | −9 | 14 | −7 | −21 |
Difference in cost per day of therapy, percentage point difference† | 71 | 6 | −66 | −19 | −40 | −28 | 18 | −16 | −45 | 98 |
Choice effects | ||||||||||
Broad mix of therapies, % | 11 | 14 | −10 | −3 | −16 | −11 | 4 | −12 | −11 | 11 |
Narrow mix of therapies, % | 8 | 11 | −23 | −8 | −13 | −23 | 11 | −5 | −10 | 18 |
Subtotal | 19 | 24 | −33 | −12 | −29 | −34 | 15 | −16 | −22 | 29 |
Price effects | ||||||||||
Generic use | −9 | 6 | −7 | 13 | 1 | 1 | 5 | −3 | −2 | 12 |
Prices | 61 | −25 | −27 | −20 | −13 | 5 | −1 | 3 | −21 | 57 |
Subtotal | 52 | −18 | −33 | −7 | −11 | 6 | 3 | 1 | −23 | 69 |
↵* The comparator for each country is the population-weighted sum of all 9 other countries studied.
↵† The percentage point differences for the drivers of cost per day of therapy depict how much higher or lower per capita expenditures are because of differences between the specific country’s utilization or pricing patterns and those of the other comparator countries. Some totals and subtotals will not add up exactly because of rounding.