Characteristics of children with and without diabetic ketoacidosis at the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus
| Characteristic | Group; no. (%) of participants* | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study population | Without DKA | With DKA | ||
| Population size | 3704 (100.0) | 2708 (73.1) | 996 (26.9) | |
| Age, yr, mean ± SD | 10.1 ± 4.8 | 10.3 ± 4.9 | 9.3 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 |
| Age, yr, by category | < 0.001 | |||
| 1–4 | 666 (18.0) | 476 (17.6) | 190 (19.1) | |
| 5–11 | 1403 (37.9) | 954 (35.2) | 449 (45.1) | |
| 12–17 | 1635 (44.1) | 1278 (47.2) | 357 (35.8) | |
| Sex | 0.5 | |||
| Male | 1944 (52.5) | 1412 (52.1) | 532 (53.4) | |
| Female | 1760 (47.5) | 1296 (47.9) | 464 (46.6) | |
| Socioeconomic status (social and material deprivation)† | 0.1 | |||
| Least deprived | 1544 (43.0) | 1154 (44.0) | 390 (40.5) | |
| Moderately deprived | 729 (20.3) | 531 (20.2) | 198 (20.5) | |
| Most deprived | 1316 (36.7) | 940 (35.8) | 376 (39.0) | |
| Rurality‡ | 0.04 | |||
| Urban (population > 100 000) | 2438 (66.1) | 1787 (66.2) | 651 (65.7) | |
| Small cities (population 10 000–100 000) | 477 (12.9) | 328 (12.2) | 149 (15.0) | |
| Rural (population < 10 000) | 775 (21.0) | 584 (21.6) | 191 (19.3) | |
| Usual provider of care | 0.004 | |||
| None | 1527 (41.2) | 1073 (39.6) | 454 (45.6) | |
| Family physician | 1437 (38.8) | 1084 (40.0) | 353 (35.4) | |
| Pediatrician | 740 (20.0) | 551 (20.3) | 189 (19.0) | |
Note: DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Except where indicated otherwise.
↵† Missing socioeconomic status for 115 of the study population, consisting of 83 without and 32 with DKA. For this variable, social and material quintiles were combined into a 5 × 5 table, and the 25 combined categories were grouped into 3 categories: least deprived, moderately deprived and most deprived.
↵‡ Missing rurality for 14 of the study population, consisting of 9 without and 5 with DKA.