Determinants of autoimmune disorders
| Variable | Rate ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Univariate model | Fully adjusted* model | |
| Age at outcome development, yr | ||
| ≤ 14 (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 15–16 | 1.53 (1.21–1.93) | 1.52 (1.20–1.92) |
| ≥ 17 | 2.02 (1.53–2.66) | 1.98 (1.50–2.62) |
| Seasonality | ||
| September (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| October | 0.75 (0.54–1.05) | 0.65 (0.45–0.96) |
| November | 1.25 (0.92–1.70) | 1.17 (0.84–1.62) |
| December | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 0.85 (0.60–1.22) |
| January to February | 1.04 (0.79–1.35) | 0.83 (0.61–1.12) |
| March to August | 1.22 (0.97–1.53) | 0.96 (0.75–1.25) |
| Receipt of other vaccines† | 0.87 (0.55–1.38) | 0.84 (0.53–1.33) |
| History of recent infections‡ | 1.49 (0.85–2.60) | 2.15 (1.33–3.47) |
| History of immune-mediated disease§ | 1.50 (1.05–2.14) | 1.56 (1.11–2.21) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, HPV = human papillomavirus.
↵* Adjusted for all the factors listed in the table.
↵† Includes any non-HPV vaccine, such as diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus; measles–mumps–rubella; hepatitis B; and meningococcal C vaccines.
↵‡ Includes infections previously shown to be associated with autoimmune disorders, including cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, hepatitis B and C viruses, coxsackievirus B, influenza type A, Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae.
↵§ Includes a diagnosis for asthma, anaphylaxis, urticaria, angioneurotic edema, eczema, dermatitis, rash, allergic rhinitis or hay fever before cohort entry.