Rate ratios from modified Poisson models for first contact emergency department mental health visits, urban immigrants only, 2010–2014 (n = 8874)
| Covariate | Rate ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted rate ratio* (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Immigration category (ref = non-refugee immigrant) | ||
| Refugee immigrant | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) |
| Age, yr (ref = 22–24 yr) | ||
| 10–13 | 1.05 (0.94–1.16) | 1.11 (1.00–1.24) |
| 14–17 | 1.17 (1.12–1.23) | 1.21 (1.15–1.27) |
| 18–21 | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | 1.12 (1.07–1.16) |
| Sex (ref = female) | ||
| Male | 1.08 (1.04–1.11) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) |
| Income quintile (ref = 5, high) | ||
| 1 (low) | 1.11 (1.04–1.18) | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) |
| 2 | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14) |
| 3 | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) |
| 4 | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) |
| Specialty of UPC (reference = GP or FP model) | ||
| GP or FP fee-for-service | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) |
| Pediatrician | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) |
| None | 1.69 (1.64–1.75) | 1.57 (1.52–1.63) |
| High-acuity ED visits in prior 2 years, visits (reference = none [0 visits]) | ||
| High (≥ 3) | 0.66 (0.60–0.73) | 0.73 (0.66–0.80) |
| Moderate (2) | 0.79 (0.73–0.86) | 0.84 (0.78–0.91) |
| Low (1) | 0.83 (0.79–0.87) | 0.87 (0.82–0.91) |
| Low-acuity ED visits in prior 2 years, visits (reference = none [0 visits]) | ||
| High (≥ 3) | 0.78 (0.69–0.89) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) |
| Moderate (2) | 0.82 (0.74–0.90) | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) |
| Low (1 visit) | 0.91 (0.87–0.96) | 0.97 (0.92–1.01) |
| Visit time (reference = day: weekdays 8:01–16:00) | ||
| Evening/after hours (16:01–24:00 weekdays, 08:01–16:00 weekends) | 1.14 (1.08–1.21) | 1.14 (1.08–1.21) |
| Night (00:01–8:00 weekdays, 16:01–8:00 weekends) | 1.36 (1.29–1.43) | 1.36 (1.29–1.43) |
| Duration of residence (reference = long-term, > 10 yr) | ||
| Recent (0 to ≤ 5) | 1.15 (1.10–1.21) | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) |
| Intermediate (> 5 to ≤ 10) | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) |
| Region of origin (ref = US, UK or Western Europe) | ||
| Africa | 1.21 (1.12–1.31) | 1.15 (1.06–1.24) |
| Central America | 1.18 (1.09–1.27) | 1.17 (1.08–1.26) |
| East Asia and Pacific | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) |
| Eastern Europe or Central Asia | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) |
| Middle East | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 1.03 (0.96–1.11) |
| South America | 1.13 (1.03–1.23) | 1.10 (1.01–1.20) |
| South Asia | 1.18 (1.10–1.26) | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) |
Note: CI = confidence interval, ED = emergency department, FP = family practitioner, GP = general practitioner, UPC = usual provider of care.
↵* Adjusted for all predictors of interest.