Table 4:

Evidence of coverage change between 2012 and 2015, overall and by socioeconomic status, for targeted maternal and newborn health indicators in Gombe State, Nigeria

Indicator	Year; % coverage (95% CI)		Coverage change	SES quintile^†	Coverage by SES in 2012		Coverage by SES in 2015		Time–SES interaction

	2012 n = 349	2015 n = 1100	p value for OR^*		% coverage (95% CI)	p value for OR^‡	% coverage (95% CI)	p value for OR^‡	p value for interaction^§
Antenatal care	40 (30–51)	37 (30–43)	0.5	Q1	18 (8–33)	< 0.001	28 (20–39)	< 0.001	–

				Q2	26 (14–43)		24 (16–34)

				Q3	39 (25–56)		28 (22–35)

				Q4	45 (32–58)		44 (34–54)

				Q5	65 (55–74)		57 (46–68)

Facility delivery	30 (21–41)	29 (24–35)	0.8	Q1	9 (4–19)	< 0.001	17 (11–25)	< 0.001	–

				Q2	20 (9–37)		17 (12–25)

				Q3	22 (9–43)		19 (13–27)

				Q4	36 (26–48)		31 (24–40)

				Q5	56 (41–70)		61 (53–69)

Postnatal care for mother	7 (4–10)	10 (7–13)	0.1	Q1	0	0.02	7 (3–14)	0.02	–

				Q2	7 (2–17)		7 (3–13)

				Q3	8 (4–16)		8 (5–13)

				Q4	15 (8–26)		11 (7–18)

				Q5	4 (1–15)		15 (10–22)

Postnatal care for newborn	4 (2–9)	7 (5–10)	0.18	Q1	0	< 0.001	5 (2–9)	0.3	–

				Q2	0		7 (4–13)

				Q3	3 (1–10)		7 (4–14)

				Q4	9 (4–22)		6 (4–11)

				Q5	6 (2–17)		9 (5–15)

Attendant use of gloves	46 (34–58)	44 (38–51)	0.82	Q1	21 (12–33)	< 0.001	31 (22–42)	< 0.001	–

				Q2	22 (10–44)		31 (22–41)

				Q3	42 (25–62)		33 (25–41)

				Q4	47 (32–63)		49 (40–58)

				Q5	77 (62–88)		77 (68–84)

Hygienic cord care	26 (19–36)	45 (41–49)	< 0.004	Q1	36 (21–55)	0.4	36 (27–45)	0.1	0.1

				Q2	20 (9–38)		43 (35–51)

				Q3	26 (15–41)		49 (41–57)

				Q4	19 (9–35)		45 (37–53)

				Q5	29 (16–46)		48 (38–59)

Breastfeeding initiation	40 (33–47)	49 (46–53)	0.01	Q1	25 (15–39)	0.02	46 (38–55)	0.7	0.3

				Q2	43 (26–62)		52 (44–60)

				Q3	39 (24–56)		47 (40–54)

				Q4	46 (34–59)		51 (43–58)

				Q5	46 (34–59)		50 (42–58)

Delayed bathing	15 (10–21)	21 (17–26)	0.07	Q1	11 (5–23)	0.2	21 (13–31)	0.2	–

				Q2	7 (1–25)		20 (14–28)

				Q3	19 (8–39)		17 (12–24)

				Q4	18 (9–30)		22 (17–28)

				Q5	16 (10–26)		28 (20–37)

Note: CI = confidence interval, NA = not applicable, OR = odds ratio, SES = socioeconomic status.
↵* The p value for OR for difference in coverage over time.
↵† Quintile 1 (Q1) was the poorest, and quintile 5 (Q5) was the least poor.
↵‡ The p value for OR for a 1-unit change in SES within each survey year.
↵§ The p value for interaction between SES and survey year, shown only for indicators with statistical evidence of coverage change from 2012 to 2015 (based on p < 0.05).