Adjusted hazard ratios of cause-specific premature mortality by food insecurity status (n = 3 390 500 person-years)*
| Cause of death | Food-secure (reference) | Marginally food-insecure | Moderately food-insecure | Severely food-insecure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Noncommunicable diseases | ||||
| Cancers | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 1.10 (0.96–1.26) |
| Circulatory-respiratory diseases | 1.00 (ref) | 1.09 (0.96–1.23) | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) |
| Metabolic-digestive diseases | 1.00 (ref) | 1.18 (0.95–1.46) | 1.01 (0.84–1.23) | 1.44 (1.15–1.79) |
| Other miscellaneous | 1.00 (ref) | 1.26 (1.01–1.58) | 1.05 (0.85–1.31) | 1.55 (1.18–2.02) |
| Communicable diseases and injuries | ||||
| Infectious-parasitic diseases | 1.00 (ref) | 1.87 (1.20–2.90) | 1.60 (1.09–2.35) | 2.24 (1.42–3.55) |
| Unintentional injuries | 1.00 (ref) | 1.27 (0.91–1.77) | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | 2.69 (2.04–3.56) |
| Suicide | 1.00 (ref) | 1.60 (1.06–2.40) | 1.08 (0.73–1.60) | 2.21 (1.50–3.24) |
| Other miscellaneous | 1.00 (ref) | 0.97 (0.65–1.43) | 1.46 (1.11–1.94) | 1.92 (1.35–2.71) |
| Avoidable causes | 1.00 (ref) | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | 1.10 (1.03–1.18) | 1.33 (1.22–1.45) |
↵* Hazard ratios estimated from fully adjusted Cox proportional hazard models on the overall sample of adults aged 18–82 years old at interview. N = 348 000 person-years. Models adjusted for household income, highest education in household, household type, housing tenure, acute care hospital admission in the past 2 years, number of self-reported chronic conditions, smoker status and past-year alcohol consumption history. Respondents’ sex, age at interview, history of hospital admission and self-reported chronic conditions were set as strata.