Unadjusted clinical outcomes, resource use and clinical care of patients with COVID-19 and influenza*
| Variable | No. (%) of admissions† | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 n = 1027 | Influenza n = 783 | ||
| Death | 204 (19.9) | 48 (6.1) | < 0.001 |
| 7-day readmission‡ | 32 (4.3) | 22 (3.1) | 1.0¶ |
| 30-day readmission§ | 58 (9.3) | 69 (9.6) | 0.9 |
| ICU use | 271 (26.4) | 141 (18.0) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital length-of-stay, d, median (IQR) | 8.7 (3.6–18.9) | 4.8 (2.3–10.4) | < 0.001 |
| ICU length-of-stay, d, median (IQR) | 10.9 (4.0–17.8) | 6.0 (2.3–13.0) | < 0.001 |
| ED length-of-stay, h, median (IQR) | 8.7 (6.1–13.2) | 21.1 (12.0–32.2) | < 0.001¶ |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 190 (18.5) | 73 (9.3) | < 0.001¶ |
| Gastrointestinal endoscopy | 21 (2.0) | 27 (3.4) | 1.0¶ |
| Bronchoscopy | 21 (2.0) | 44 (5.6) | 0.005¶ |
| Dialysis** | 79 (7.7) | 43 (5.5) | 1.0¶ |
| Thoracic CT | 210 (20.4) | 168 (21.5) | 1.0¶ |
| Respiratory antibiotic†† | 730 (71.6) | 599 (77.1) | 0.6¶ |
| Corticosteroid | 170 (16.7) | 284 (36.6) | < 0.001¶ |
| Warfarin or DOAC | 157 (15.4) | 156 (20.1) | 0.6¶ |
Note: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, CT = computed tomography, DOAC = direct-acting oral anticoagulant, ED = emergency department, ICU = intensive care unit, IQR = interquartile range.
↵* Readmission to medical service or medical–surgical intensive care unit at any participating hospital is reported among patients discharged alive and for visits that could be linked to each other with a valid health insurance number. For hospital resources and clinical care, we report the number of patients receiving at least one of the items described.
↵† Unless indicated otherwise.
↵‡ After excluding patients who died and those discharged in the last 7 days of the study period, the denominator was 745 admissions for COVID-19, 720 for influenza.
↵§ After excluding patients who died and those discharged in the last 30 days of the study period, the denominator was 625 admissions for COVID-19, 718 for influenza.
↵¶ p values were adjusted using Bonferroni correction for the 10 secondary outcomes.
↵** Dialysis included hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, and included both chronic use and new starts.
↵†† Respiratory antibiotics include all those listed in Appendix 1.