Original Articles
Effect of dietary pulse intake on established therapeutic lipid targets for cardiovascular risk reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Vanessa Ha, John L. Sievenpiper, Russell J. de Souza, Viranda H. Jayalath, Arash Mirrahimi, Arnav Agarwal, Laura Chiavaroli, Sonia Blanco Mejia, Frank M. Sacks, Marco Di Buono, Adam M. Bernstein, Lawrence A. Leiter, Penny M. Kris-Etherton, Vladimir Vuksan, Richard P. Bazinet, Robert G. Josse, Joseph Beyene, Cyril W.C. Kendall and David J.A. Jenkins
CMAJ April 07, 2014 cmaj.131727; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.131727
Vanessa Ha
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
John L. Sievenpiper
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Russell J. de Souza
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Viranda H. Jayalath
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Arash Mirrahimi
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Arnav Agarwal
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Laura Chiavaroli
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Sonia Blanco Mejia
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Frank M. Sacks
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Marco Di Buono
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Adam M. Bernstein
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Lawrence A. Leiter
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Penny M. Kris-Etherton
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Vladimir Vuksan
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Richard P. Bazinet
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Robert G. Josse
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Joseph Beyene
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Cyril W.C. Kendall
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
David J.A. Jenkins
Departments of Nutritional Sciences (Ha, de Souza, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Di Buono, Leiter, Vuksan, Bazinet, Josse, Kendall, Jenkins) and Medicine (Leiter, Josse, Jenkins), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; the Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre (Ha, Sievenpiper, de Souza, Jayalath, Mirrahimi, Chiavaroli, Blanco Mejia, Leiter, Vuksan, Kendall), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Sievenpiper, Vuksan, Jenkins) and Division of Endocrinology (Josse), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medicine (Sievenpiper) and of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (de Souza, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences (Agarwal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Houston, Tex.; Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute (Beyene), Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Department of Nutrition (Sacks, Bernstein), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, Mass.; Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine (Sacks), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Sacks), Cambridge, Mass.; Wellness Institute of the Cleveland Clinic (Bernstein), Lyndhurst, Ohio; Department of Nutritional Sciences (Kris- Etherton), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences (Jayalath), College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont.; and School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences (Mirrahimi), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.
Online Appendices
- Appendix 1: Search strategy for studies assessing the effect of intake of dietary pulses (beans, chickpeas, lentils and peas) on lipids in randomized controlled trials
- Appendix 10: Funnel plots investigating publication bias
- Appendix 2: Study characteristics
- Appendix 3: Assessment of study quality using the Heyland Methodological Quality Score
- Appendix 4: Risk of bias assessment using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool
- Appendix 5: A priori subgroup analyses for dichotomous variables investigating the effect of isocaloric exchange of dietary pulse intake for other dietary comparators on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in all participants
- Appendix 6: Post-hoc subgroup analysis for dichotomous baseline triglyceride levels on the effect of isocaloric exchange of dietary pulse intake for other dietary comparators on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in all participants.
- Appendix 7: A priori and post-hoc subgroup analyses for continuous variables for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non?high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C)
- Appendix 8: A priori subgroup analyses for dichotomous variables investigating the effect of isocaloric exchange of dietary pulse intake for other dietary comparators on non?high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in all participants.
- Appendix 9: Post-hoc subgroup analysis for dichotomous baseline triglyceride levels on the effect of isocaloric exchange of dietary pulse intake for other dietary comparators on non?high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in all participants