Left side | Native valve |
• Congenital heart disease |
• Chronic rheumatic heart disease in developed countries |
• Mitral valve prolapse (10–100 × increased risk) |
• Degenerative valve lesions |
Prosthetic valve |
Right side | Intravenous drug use (especially high risk in HIV-related immunodeficiency) |
Congenital heart disease |
Devices: pacemaker, implantable defibrillators |
Central venous catheter |
Related to health care | Nosocomial |
• Invasive intravascular procedure |
• Catheter-related |
Chronic hemodialysis |