Article Figures & Tables
Tables
Characteristic Cases, n = 1292 Controls, n = 12 651 p value* Age, median (IQR) 62 (54–72) 62 (54–72) 0.3 Disease state,†no. (%) Cancer 227 (17.6) 2183 (17.3) 0.8 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 121 (9.4) 1264 (10.0) 0.5 Congestive heart failure 198 (15.3) 1156 (9.1) < 0.001 Diabetes mellitus 461 (35.7) 3068 (24.3) < 0.001 HIV 8 (0.6) 34 (0.3) 0.053 Hypertension 567 (43.9) 4714 (37.3) < 0.001 Medications,‡no. (%) Loop diuretics 115 (8.9) 654 (5.2) < 0.001 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 15 (1.2) 167 (1.3) 0.8 Renin–angiotensin-system blockers 228 (17.7) 1770 (14.0) < 0.001 Health care use,§median (IQR) Billing codes, no. 29 (11–62) 39 (18–69) 0.005 Drugs, no. 16 (4–31) 11 (3–22) < 0.001 Physician visits, no. 4 (2–8) 4 (2–7) 0.2 Fluoroquinolone indications,§no. (%) Joint or bone infection 17 (1.3) 143 (1.1) 0.8 Skin infection 430 (33.3) 4093 (32.4) 0.5 Tract infection Genitourinary 179 (13.9) 1287 (10.2) < 0.001 Respiratory 490 (37.9) 5206 (41.2) 0.03 Gastrointestinal 309 (23.9) 3108 (24.6) 0.6 Note: IQR = interquartile range.
↵* Calculated using χ2 test for categorical characteristics and Student t test for continuous characteristics.
↵† In the year before admission to hospital to maximize sensitivity.
↵‡ Current medication use at the time of hospital admission was used to best assess use at the index date.
↵§ In the 6 months before admission to hospital to reflect covariates during exposure ascertainment.
Type of fluoroquinolone Users, no. (%) Ciprofloxacin 884 (44.5) Gatifloxacin 10 (0.5) Gemifloxacin 2 (0.1) Levofloxacin 872 (43.9) Moxifloxacin 218 (11.0) Norfloxacin 2 (0.1) Indication No. (%) Fluoroquinolone Amoxicillin Azithromycin Joint or bone infection 49 (2.5) 68 (4.7) 61 (3.3) Skin infection 135 (6.8) 150 (10.3) 135 (7.3) Tract infection Gastrointestinal 185 (9.3) 138 (9.5) 154 (8.3) Genitourinary* 536 (27.0) 144 (9.9) 198 (10.7) Respiratory 909 (45.6) 780 (53.6) 1089 (58.7) Other† 174 (8.8) 174 (12.0) 217 (11.7) - Table 4:
Nested case–control analysis of the risk of acute kidney injury with the use of fluoroquinolones
Exposure; time frame* No. (%) Rate ratio (95% confidence interval) Cases, n = 1292 Controls, n = 12 651 Crude Adjusted† Adjusted‡ No fluoroquinolone use 1059 10896 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Fluoroquinolone use Current 108 (8.4) 489 (3.9) 2.27 (1.83–2.82) 2.18 (1.74–2.73) 2.04 (1.55–2.69) Recent 57 (4.4) 597 (4.7) 0.93 (0.71–1.23) 0.87 (0.66–1.16) – Past 68 (5.3) 669 (5.3) 1.00 (0.77–1.29) 0.86 (0.66–1.12) – Amoxicillin use Current 19 (1.5) 235 (1.9) 0.79 (0.49–1.26) 0.84 (0.52–1.35) 0.75 (0.41–1.38) Recent 54 (4.2) 409 (3.2) 1.31 (0.98–1.75) 1.19 (0.89–1.60) – Past 73 (5.7) 664 (5.3) 1.08 (0.84–1.39) 0.96 (0.74–1.24) – Azithromycin use Current 22 (1.7) 203 (1.6) 1.06 (0.68–1.66) 1.08 (0.69–1.71) 1.14 (0.66–1.95) Recent 32 (2.5) 420 (3.3) 0.74 (0.51–1.07) 0.71 (0.49–1.03) – Past 100 (7.7) 1077 (8.5) 0.90 (0.73–1.12) 0.82 (0.66–1.03) – Note: ref = reference
↵* Current use = 0–7 days before hospital admission; recent use = 8–60 days before admission; past use = 61–180 days before admission.
↵† Adjusted for all study covariates listed in Table 1.
↵‡ Adjusted for all study covariates in addition to the interaction between fluoroquinolones and renin angiotensin system blockers.
- Table 5:
Case-time–control analysis of the risk of acute kidney injury with the use of fluoroquinolones or other antibiotics
Medication Rate ratio (95% confidence interval) Amoxicillin 0.65 (0.38–1.05) Azithromycin 1.06 (0.62–1.90) Fluoroquinolones 2.16 (1.52–3.18)