Article Figures & Tables
Tables
Characteristic Polycystic ovary syndrome* Matched controls Women, no. 43 506 43 506 Age, yr, mean 28.7 28.9 Health care use, % of women Admission to hospital 3.57 4.05 Emergency department visit 4.79 4.45 Physician office visit 51.31 50.08 Combined oral contraceptive use New user,† no. (%) of women 20 150 (46.32) 20 278 (46.61) Prevalent user,‡ no. (%) of women 23 356 (53.68) 23 228 (53.39) Prior time on combined oral contraceptives, mean, d 103 103 Total time on combined oral contraceptives, mean, d 201 202 Number of combined oral contraceptives products used in the past, mean 0.6 0.6 Combined oral contraceptive, % of women Desogestrel, μg ethinyl estradiol 20 3.45 3.38 25 0.47 0.46 30 8.39 8.31 Drospirenone, μg ethinyl estradiol 20 7.46 8.45 30 20.81 21.02 Levonorgestrel, μg ethinyl estradiol 20 5.19 5.14 30 3.75 3.72 Triphasic 2.35 2.11 Norethindrone, μg ethinyl estradiol 35 10.53 10.28 Norethindrone acetate, μg ethinyl estradiol 20 4.60 4.48 30 2.74 2.66 35 1.51 1.55 Norgestimate, ethinyl-estradiol μg 25 5.78 5.68 35 18.31 18.21 Norgestrel, μg ethinyl estradiol 30 4.66 4.55 ↵* Defined as a claim for polycystic ovary syndrome (International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision [Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM)] 256.4).
↵† Initiated combined oral contraceptive therapy after the polycystic ovary syndrome claim.
↵‡ Evidence of combined oral contraceptive use during the 365-day period before the polycystic ovary syndrome claim.
Variable Cohort entry Study end PCOS* Matched controls PCOS* Matched controls Medication use, % of women ACE inhibitor or ARB 2.18 2.57 5.06 5.10 Beta blocker 3.42 3.52 7.95 6.80 Benzodiazepine 8.93 8.06 20.77 16.95 Calcium-channel blocker 0.92 1.06 2.51 2.18 Diabetes medications 20.31 20.65 42.88 21.55 SSRI or tricyclic antidepressant 17.09 17.32 31.76 28.88 Statin or fibrate 2.45 2.79 5.79 5.23 Comorbidities, % of women Acne 11.04 10.92 24.15 19.65 Asthma 6.93 6.92 15.32 12.82 COPD 3.34 3.45 11.45 9.29 Diabetes 6.70 8.31 14.87 12.23 Dysmenorrhea 5.79 5.71 14.23 10.95 Endometriosis 2.71 2.82 7.42 4.88 Hyperlipidemia 10.47 10.91 27.10 20.15 Hypertension 7.82 8.40 18.70 14.75 Hypothyroid 8.23 8.32 17.23 12.67 Ovarian inflammation 1.74 1.83 5.72 3.84 Vaginal inflammation 12.56 12.52 31.22 27.64 Uterine leiomyoma 2.05 2.03 5.96 4.65 Irregular menstrual cycle 40.04 40.06 72.07 54.15 Migraine 5.53 5.67 15.10 12.33 Mood or anxiety disorder 15.96 16.26 34.09 29.65 Obesity 13.35 13.32 33.11 21.04 Peptic ulcer disease 0.40 0.42 1.32 1.03 Premenstrual tension syndrome (PMS or PMDD) 1.42 1.34 4.12 2.97 Sleep disorder 0.82 0.88 3.26 1.98 Smoking 2.57 2.71 7.31 6.85 Note: ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB = angiotensin-receptor blocker, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, PCOS = polycystic ovary syndrome, PMDD = premenstrual dysphoric disorder, PMS = premenstrual syndrome, SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
↵* Defined as a claim for PCOS (International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision [Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM)] 256.4).
- Table 3:
Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with PCOS in women taking the combined oral contraceptive pill
Variable Cox proportional hazards models Relative risk regression PCOS claim 2.14 (1.41–3.24) 2.12 (1.40–3.21) Composite PCOS definition* 2.24 (1.62–3.10) 2.23 (1.61–3.08) PCOS symptoms and treatment Anovulation 1.72 (0.75–3.98) 1.70 (0.75–3.89) Hirsutism 2.49 (1.35–4.59) 2.43 (1.30–4.56) Spironolactone 1.89 (1.15–3.10) 1.86 (1.14–3.03) Note: PCOS = polycystic ovary syndrome.
↵* Claims for PCOS, anovulation, hirsutism, spironolactone treatment, or PCOS-related procedures.