Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (current) | Routine PSA screening not recommended | | |
Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination (1994) (11) | Routine PSA screening not recommended as part of periodic health examination |
US Preventive Services Task Force (2012) (8) | PSA screening not recommended; applies to men of all ages |
Canadian Urological Association (2011) (54) |
Average risk: offer at age 50 yr to men with life expectancy ≥ 10 yr Increased risk (e.g., family history of prostate cancer, African descent): offer at 40 yr Offer baseline PSA test at age 40–49 yr to establish future risk of prostate cancer
| Not specified | 75 yr |
Canadian Cancer Society (2014) (55) | Men aged > 50 yr should talk with their doctor about whether they should be tested for prostate cancer | Not specified | Not specified |
American Cancer Society (2012) (56) | Average risk: discussion at age 50 yr Increased risk: discussion at age 40 or 45 yr, depending on extent of risk | PSA < 2.5 ng/mL: 2 yr PSA ≥ 2.5 ng/mL: annual | Life expectancy < 10 yr |
National Cancer Institute (2012) (22) | Insufficient evidence to determine whether screening with PSA or digital rectal examination reduces prostate cancer mortality |
National Health Service (2013) (57) | No organized screening program; informed-choice program = men concerned about the risk of prostate cancer receive clear and balanced information about the advantages and disadvantages of PSA testing and cancer treatment |
Prostate Cancer Canada (2013) (58) |
Offer baseline PSA test at age 40–49 yr Men aged > 40 yr should talk with their doctor about early detection Men at high risk should talk with their primary care provider before age 40 yr about prostate cancer
| Not specified | ≥ 70 yr; decision should be based on individual factors (not specified) |
American Urological Association (2013) (59) |
| ≥ 2 yr | ≥ 70 yr or life expectancy < 10–15 yr |
American College of Physicians (2013) (60) | Men aged 50–69 yr: clinicians should discuss the limited benefits and substantial harms of screening for prostate cancer; they should not screen for prostate cancer with the PSA test in patients who do not express a clear preference for screening | Not specified | ≥ 70 yr or life expectancy < 10–15 yr |
Cancer Council Australia, Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council (2010) (61) | PSA test not suitable for population screening | | |