Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1:
Characteristics of patients taking spironolactone who experienced sudden death within 14 days after receiving co-prescription of trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole or another study antibiotic* (cases) and matched controls
Variable No. (%) of patients† Standardized difference‡ Cases
n = 328Controls
n = 1171Age, yr, median (IQR) 86 (81–90) 86 (81–90) 0.07 Age group, yr 66–74 34 (10.4) 123 (10.5) 0.01 75–84 84 (25.6) 332 (28.4) 0.06 ≥ 85 210 (64.0) 716 (61.1) 0.07 Female sex 217 (66.2) 807 (68.9) 0.06 Duration of spironolactone use, yr, median (IQR) 1 (1–2) 3 (1–5) 0.66 Charlson Comorbidity Index No hospital admission 56 (17.1) 389 (33.2) 0.36 0 20 (6.1) 128 (10.9) 0.16 1 55 (16.8) 201 (17.2) 0.01 ≥ 2 197 (60.1) 453 (38.7) 0.44 Comorbid condition Congestive heart failure 258 (78.7) 681 (58.2) 0.43 Angina§ 7 (2.1) 30 (2.6) 0.03 Acute myocardial infarction§ 14 (4.3) 33 (2.8) 0.08 Dysrhythmia§ 135 (41.2) 370 (31.6) 0.20 Chronic kidney disease§ 9 (2.7) 30 (2.6) 0.01 Diabetes mellitus 113 (34.5) 359 (30.7) 0.08 Hypertension 249 (75.9) 892 (76.2) 0.01 Residence in long-term care facility 201 (61.3) 445 (38.0) 0.48 No. of prescription drugs in previous year, median (IQR) 18 (14–22) 15 (12–19) 0.37 Medication use in preceding 90 d Non–potassium-sparing diuretic 284 (86.6) 833 (71.1) 0.36 Potassium-sparing diuretic¶ ≤ 5 ≤ 5 0.00 β-Adrenergic receptor antagonist 114 (34.8) 400 (34.2) 0.01 Potassium supplement 11 (3.4) 37 (3.2) 0.01 NSAID 42 (12.8) 155 (13.2) 0.01 Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone inhibitor 176 (53.7) 524 (44.7) 0.18 Income quintile 1 (lowest) 83 (25.3) 284 (24.3) 0.02 2 71 (21.6) 239 (20.4) 0.03 3 56 (17.1) 238 (20.3) 0.08 4 56 (17.1) 227 (19.4) 0.06 5 (highest) 58 (17.7) 177 (15.1) 0.07 Note: IQR = interquartile range, NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
↵* Amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin or nitrofurantoin.
↵† Unless stated otherwise.
↵‡ Difference between cases and controls divided by standard deviation.
↵§ In past 3 years.
↵¶ Other than spironolactone; prevalence not reported because of small cell size.
Antibiotic No. (%) of patients OR (95% CI) Cases
n = 328Controls
n = 1171Unadjusted Adjusted† TMP/SMX 86 (26.2) 189 (16.1) 2.45 (1.67–3.61) 2.46 (1.55–3.90) Nitrofurantoin 49 (14.9) 202 (17.3) 1.32 (0.86–2.02) 1.70 (1.03–2.79) Norfloxacin 27 (8.2) 162 (13.8) 0.84 (0.51–0.39) 0.86 (0.47–1.58) Ciprofloxacin 105 (32.0) 289 (24.7) 1.99 (1.38–2.87) 1.55 (1.02–2.38) Amoxicillin 61 (18.6) 329 (28.1) 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref) Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, ref = reference group, TMP/SMX = trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole.
↵* Antibiotic use in preceding 14 d.
↵† Adjusted for disease risk index (covariates in Appendix 2, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.140816/-/DC1) and duration of spironolactone use.