Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1:
Demographic and clinical characteristics for patients discharged after stroke or TIA (2003 to 2013), with no adverse events for 90 days, and separately for those with stroke versus TIA as the entry event
Characteristic Event type; no. (%) of patients Standardized difference* Stroke or TIA
n = 26 366Stroke
n = 15 950TIA
n = 10 416Age†, yr, median (IQR) 72 (60–80) 72 (60–80) 72 (61–81) 0.03 Sex, female 12 360 (46.9) 7127 (44.7) 5233 (50.2) 0.11 Stroke type Stroke 15 950 (60.5) 15 950 (100.0) – TIA 10 416 (39.5) – 10 416 (100.0) – Clinical comorbidity Prior stroke 3715 (14.1) 2175 (13.6) 1540 (14.8) 0.03 Prior acute MI 2030 (7.7) 1334 (8.4) 696 (6.7) 0.06 Congestitve heart failure 3563 (13.5) 2295 (14.4) 1268 (12.2) 0.07 Hypertension 19 521 (74.0) 12 282 (77.0) 7239 (69.5) 0.17 Diabetes mellitus 7741 (29.4) 5004 (31.4) 2737 (26.3) 0.11 Hyperlipidemia 5232 (19.8) 2964 (18.6) 2268 (21.8) 0.08 Atrial fibrillation 4591 (17.4) 3254 (20.4) 1337 (12.8) 0.20 Canadian Neurological Scale Group† (19) Mild (≥ 8) 22 364 (86.3) 12 355 (78.6) 10 009 (98.1) 0.64 Moderate (5–7) 2531 (9.8) 2374 (15.1) 157 (1.5) 0.51 Severe (0–4) 1021 (3.9) 983 (6.3) 38 (0.4) 0.33 Admission to registry hospital 15 901 (60.3) 13 153 (82.5) 2748 (26.4) 1.36 tPA on admission 2275 (8.6) 2255 (14.1) 20 (0.2) 0.56 Discharge medications Antiplatelet agents 21 348 (81.0) 12 907 (80.9) 8441 (81.0) 0.01 Warfarin 4238 (16.1) 3157 (19.8) 1081 (10.4) 0.27 All anticoagulants 5422 (20.6) 4215 (26.4) 1207 (11.6) 0.39 Antithrombotics 24 192 (91.8) 14 983 (93.9) 9209 (88.4) 0.20 CEA or CAS‡ At 1 yr 229 (0.9) 137 (0.9) 92 (0.9) 0.01 At 3 yr 278 (1.3) 170 (1.3) 108 (1.3) 0.01 At 5 yr 239 (1.5) 138 (1.4) 101 (1.8) 0.01 Note: CAS = carotid artery stenting, CEA = carotid endarterectomy, IQR = interquartile range, MI = myocardial infarction, TIA = transient ischemic attack, tPA = tissue plasminogen activator.
↵* The standardized difference, used for subgroup comparisons, is the difference in means or proportions for matched pairs divided by the standard error; an imbalance was defined as an absolute value greater than 0.20 (small effect size).
↵† For this characteristic, complete data were available for 25 916 of the patients: 15 712 in the group with stroke and 10 204 in the group with TIA.
↵‡ The percentages for longitudinal analyses are based on the denominator of subcohorts with complete 1-, 3- or 5-year follow-up. The denominator at 1 year was the same as the full cohort: 26 366 total (15 950 with stroke and 10 416 with TIA). At 3 years, the subcohort denominator was 21 548 total (13 287 with stroke and 8261 with TIA), and at 5 years the subcohort denominator was 15 571 total (9894 with stroke and 5677 with TIA).
- Table 2:
Matching characteristics for patients discharged from Ontario registry stroke centres after stroke or TIA, 2003 to 2013
Matching characteristic* Group; no. (%) of patients or controls Stroke or TIA†
n = 26 366Matched controls‡
n = 263 660Age, yr, median (IQR) 72 (60–80) 72 (60–80) Sex, female 12 360 (46.9) 123 600 (46.9) Rural residence 2534 (9.6) 25 340 (9.6) Income quintile 1 5939 (22.5) 59 390 (22.5) 2 5306 (20.1) 53 060 (20.1) 3 4760 (18.1) 47 600 (18.1) 4 4860 (18.4) 48 600 (18.4) 5 5501 (20.9) 55 010 (20.9) Outcome Overall; no. (%) of patients or controls Subgroup; no. (%) of patients Stroke or TIA
n = 26 366Matched controls
n = 263 660Stroke
n = 15 950TIA
n = 10 416Primary Death, admission for stroke or MI, admission to CCC or LTC 1 yr 2496 (9.5) 14 212 (5.4) 1758 (11.0) 738 (7.1) 3 yr 5086 (23.6) 29 229 (13.6) 3417 (25.7) 1669 (20.2) 5 yr 5554 (35.7) 32 797 (21.1) 3765 (38.1) 1789 (31.5) Secondary Stroke 1 yr 670 (2.5) 1003 (0.4) 487 (3.1) 183 (1.8) 3 yr 1173 (5.4) 2188 (1.0) 838 (6.3) 335 (4.1) 5 yr 1221 (7.8) 2557 (1.6) 872 (8.8) 349 (6.1) MI 1 yr 262 (1.0) 1574 (0.6) 166 (1.0) 96 (0.9) 3 yr 561 (2.6) 3405 (1.6) 350 (2.6) 211 (2.6) 5 yr 601 (3.9) 3939 (2.5) 384 (3.9) 217 (3.8) Admission to CCC or LTC 1 yr 682 (2.6) 2623 (1.0) 500 (3.1) 182 (1.7) 3 yr 1320 (6.1) 6156 (2.9) 878 (6.6) 442 (5.4) 5 yr 1393 (8.9) 7312 (4.7) 949 (9.6) 444 (7.8) Death 1 yr 1333 (5.1) 10 809 (4.1) 929 (5.8) 404 (3.9) 3 yr 3372 (15.6) 22 773 (10.6) 2260 (17.0) 1112 (13.5) 5 yr 4055 (26.0) 26 287 (16.9) 2757 (27.9) 1298 (22.9) Note: CCC = complex continuing care, LTC = long-term care, MI = myocardial infarction, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
↵* For all comparisons (using χ2 tests to compare cases and matched controls and to compare stroke and TIA subgroups), p < 0.001, except for the comparison of stroke versus TIA subgroups for MI outcomes, where p > 0.05 at all follow-up time points.
↵† The percentages for longitudinal analyses are based on the denominator of subcohorts with complete 1-, 3- or 5-year follow-up. The denominator at 1 year was the same as the full cohort: 26 366 total (15 950 with stroke and 10 416 with TIA). At 3 years, the subcohort denominator was 21 548 total (13 287 with stroke and 8261 with TIA), and at 5 years the subcohort denominator was 15 571 total (9894 with stroke and 5677 with TIA). All matched control cohorts were matched 10:1 with cases, so the denominator for the matched control cohort was 10 times the total denominator for each year: 263 660 at 1 year, 215 480 at 3 years and 155 710 at 5 years.
- Table 4:
Hazard ratios at 1, 3 and 5 years for primary composite and secondary outcomes (cause-specific hazard models with robust standard errors for clustering in matched pairs)
Outcome Group; follow-up period; HR (95% CI) All cases Stroke only TIA only 1 yr 3 yr 5 yr 1 yr 3 yr 5 yr 1 yr 3 yr 5 yr Primary Death, stroke or MI, admission to CCC or LTC 2.4 (2.3–2.5) 2.2 (2.1–2.3) 2.1 (2.1–2.2) 2.6 (2.5–2.7) 2.3 (2.3–2.4) 2.2 (2.2–2.3) 2.1 (2.0–2.3) 2.0 (2.0–2.1) 2.0 (1.9–2.0) Secondary* Stroke 6.8 (6.1–7.5) 5.6 (5.2–6.0) 5.1 (4.8–5.5) 8.2 (7.3–9.3) 6.6 (6.0–7.2) 5.9 (5.4–6.4) 4.6 (3.9–5.4) 4.0 (3.6–4.6) 3.9 (3.4–4.3) MI 1.7 (1.5–1.9) 1.7 (1.5–1.8) 1.6 (1.5–1.7) 1.8 (1.5–2.1) 1.7 (1.5–1.9) 1.6 (1.5–1.8) 1.5 (1.2–1.9) 1.6 (1.4–1.9) 1.6 (1.4–1.8) Admission to CCC or LTC 2.6 (2.4–2.9) 2.2 (2.1–2.4) 2.1 (1.9–2.2) 3.3 (3.0–3.7) 2.5 (2.3–2.7) 2.3 (2.1–2.4) 1.7 (1.4–2.0) 1.8 (1.7–2.0) 1.7 (1.6–1.9) Death 1.2 (1.2–1.3) 1.5 (1.5–1.6) 1.6 (1.6–1.7) 1.4 (1.3–1.5) 1.7 (1.6–1.7) 1.8 (1.7–1.8) 0.9 (0.8–1.0) 1.3 (1.2–1.3) 1.4 (1.3–1.5) Note: CCC = complex continuing care, CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio, LTC = long-term care, MI = myocardial infarction, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
↵* Outcomes of stroke, MI and admission to an institution were censored for death.