Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1:
Characteristics of children with and without diabetic ketoacidosis at the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus
Characteristic Group; no. (%) of participants* p value Study population Without DKA With DKA Population size 3704 (100.0) 2708 (73.1) 996 (26.9) Age, yr, mean ± SD 10.1 ± 4.8 10.3 ± 4.9 9.3 ± 4.6 < 0.001 Age, yr, by category < 0.001 1–4 666 (18.0) 476 (17.6) 190 (19.1) 5–11 1403 (37.9) 954 (35.2) 449 (45.1) 12–17 1635 (44.1) 1278 (47.2) 357 (35.8) Sex 0.5 Male 1944 (52.5) 1412 (52.1) 532 (53.4) Female 1760 (47.5) 1296 (47.9) 464 (46.6) Socioeconomic status (social and material deprivation)† 0.1 Least deprived 1544 (43.0) 1154 (44.0) 390 (40.5) Moderately deprived 729 (20.3) 531 (20.2) 198 (20.5) Most deprived 1316 (36.7) 940 (35.8) 376 (39.0) Rurality‡ 0.04 Urban (population > 100 000) 2438 (66.1) 1787 (66.2) 651 (65.7) Small cities (population 10 000–100 000) 477 (12.9) 328 (12.2) 149 (15.0) Rural (population < 10 000) 775 (21.0) 584 (21.6) 191 (19.3) Usual provider of care 0.004 None 1527 (41.2) 1073 (39.6) 454 (45.6) Family physician 1437 (38.8) 1084 (40.0) 353 (35.4) Pediatrician 740 (20.0) 551 (20.3) 189 (19.0) Note: DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Except where indicated otherwise.
↵† Missing socioeconomic status for 115 of the study population, consisting of 83 without and 32 with DKA. For this variable, social and material quintiles were combined into a 5 × 5 table, and the 25 combined categories were grouped into 3 categories: least deprived, moderately deprived and most deprived.
↵‡ Missing rurality for 14 of the study population, consisting of 9 without and 5 with DKA.
- Table 2:
Crude proportions and adjusted relative risk of diabetic ketoacidosis at diabetes diagnosis
Covariable No. (%) of patients with DKA, by characteristic Adjusted RR (95% CI)* Usual provider of care† Age 1–4 yr 190/666 (28.5) None 33/114 (29.0) 1.00 (ref) Family physician 99/337 (29.4) 1.01 (0.73–1.41) Pediatrician 58/215 (27.0) 0.93 (0.65–1.34) Age 5–11 yr 449/1403 (32.0) None 206/589 (35.0) 1.00 (ref) Family physician 147/505 (29.1) 0.84 (0.71–1.00) Pediatrician 96/309 (31.1) 0.89 (0.73–1.09) Age 12–17 yr 357/1635 (21.8) None 215/824 (26.1) 1.00 (ref) Family physician 107/595 (18.0) 0.69 (0.56–0.85) Pediatrician 35/216 (16.2) 0.62 (0.45–0.86) Sex Female 464/1760 (26.4) 1.00 (ref) Male 532/1944 (27.4) 1.02 (0.92–1.14) Socioeconomic status‡ Least deprived 390/1544 (25.3) 1.00 (ref) Moderately deprived 198/729 (27.2) 1.10 (0.95–1.27) Most deprived 376/1316 (28.6) 1.14 (1.01–1.28) Rurality Urban (population > 100 000) 651/2438 (26.7) 1.00 (ref) Small cities (population 10 000–100 000) 149/477 (31.2) 1.17 (1.01–1.35) Rural (population < 10 000) 191/775 (24.6) 0.89 (0.77–1.02) Note: CI = confidence interval, DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis, ref = reference value, RR = relative risk.
↵* Adjusted for usual provider of care, age group, usual provider of care × age group (interaction term), sex, socioeconomic status and rurality.
↵† Results for the interaction term presented in this table show the effect of usual provider of care × age. For example, among those 12–17 years old, having a family physician or pediatrician reduced the risk of DKA. The interaction terms for the effect of usual provider of care × age are provided in Appendix 2 (available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.170676/-/DC1).
↵‡ Social and material deprivation.