Article Figures & Tables
Tables
Predictors Fall, no. (%)*
n = 62 284Other, no. (%)*†
n = 5645Unadjusted
OR (95% CI)Adjusted‡
OR (95% CI)Sex Female 44 108 (70.8) 2535 (44.9) 2.98 (2.82–3.15) 2.40 (2.27–2.54) Male 18 176 (29.9) 3110 (55.1) Reference Reference Age category, yr 65–74 14 357 (23.1) 2823 (50.0) Reference Reference 75–84 25 790 (41.4) 2205 (39.1) 2.30 (2.17–2.44) 2.00 (1.88–2.13) ≥ 85 22 137 (35.5) 617 (10.9) 7.06 (6.45–7.72) 5.63 (5.14–6.16) History of alcoholism Yes 750 (1.2) 69 (1.2) 0.99 (0.78–1.26) 1.63 (1.26–2.10) No 61 534 (98.8) 5576 (98.8) Reference Reference Prescription of medications§ known to affect balance filled 2 wk before injury Yes 19 111 (30.7) 951 (16.8) 2.19 (2.03–2.35) 1.80 (1.67–1.94) No 43 173 (69.3) 4694 (83.2) Reference Reference Falls leading to hospital admission in yr before injury Yes (≥ 1)¶ 1230 (2.0) 38 (0.7) 2.97 (2.15–4.11) 1.77 (1.27–2.48) No 61 054 (98.0) 5607 (99.3) Reference Reference Fractures in yr before injury Yes 4359 (7.0) 224 (4.0) 1.82 (1.59–2.09) 1.38 (1.20–1.59) No 57 925 (93.0) 5421 (96.0) Reference Reference Diagnosis of malignant tumour in yr before injury Yes 8946 (14.4) 813 (14.4) 1.00 (0.92–1.08) 1.10 (1.01–1.19) No 53 338 (85.6) 4832 (85.6) Reference Reference No. of comorbidities, mean ± SD 0.77 ± 0.84 0.68 ± 0.80 1.14 (1.10–1.18) 1.09 (1.05–1.13) Opioid prescription filled within 2 wk before injury Yes 3041 (4.9) 85 (1.5) 3.36 (2.70–4.17) 2.42 (1.94–3.02) No 59 243 (95.1) 5560 (98.5) Reference Reference Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio; SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless otherwise indicated.
↵† ORs are presented for falls compared with motor vehicle crash and weapons or penetrating injury mechanisms.
↵‡ Adjusted for all variables included in this table.
↵§ Antidepressant, antipsychotic, benzodiazepine, anticholinergic, antithrombotic and cardiovascular drugs.
↵¶ Only 0.2% had 2 or more falls leading to hospital admission in the year before the target injury.
Predictors Opioid use, n (%)† Unadjusted
OR (95% CI)Adjusted‡
OR (95% CI)Yes
n = 3041No
n = 59 243Sex Female 2375 (78.1) 41 732 (70.4) 1.50 (1.37–1.64) 1.51 (1.38–1.65) Male 665 (21.9) 17 511 (29.6) Reference Reference Age category, yr 65–74 670 (22.) 13 687 (23.1) Reference Reference 75–84 1287 (42.3) 24 503 (41.4) 1.07 (0.98–1.18) 0.97 (0.88–1.07) ≥ 85 1084 (35.6) 21 053 (35.5) 1.05 (0.95–1.16) 0.87 (0.79–1.00) No. of injuries 1 1976 (65.0) 37 580 (63.4) Reference Reference 2 624 (20.5) 11 747 (19.8) 1.01 (0.92–1.11) 0.97 (0.88–1.07) ≥ 3 441 (14.5) 9916 (16.7) 0.85 (0.76–0.94) 0.84 (0.73–0.97) AIS injury regions Head 355 (11.7) 8690 (14.7) 0.77 (0.69–0.86) 0.97 (0.87–1.13) Face 243 (8.0) 5596 (9.4) 0.83 (0.73–0.95) 0.92 (0.79–1.07) Neck 8 (0.3) 187 (0.3) 0.83 (0.41–1.69) 0.89 (0.44–1.83) Thorax 444 (14.6) 7203 (12.2) 1.24 (1.11–1.37) 1.29 (1.15–1.44) Abdomen 44 (1.4) 1170 (2.0) 0.73 (0.54–1.00) 0.72 (0.53–1.00) Spine 399 (13.1) 6508 (11.0) 1.22 (1.10–1.36) 1.19 (1.05–1.34) Upper extremity 716 (23.5) 14 471 (24.4) 0.95 (0.87–1.04) 1.91 (0.91–1.12) Lower extremity 2106 (69.3) 40 537 (68.4) 1.04 (0.96–1.13) 1.11 (1.00–1.22) Major trauma (ISS > 15) Yes 199 (6.5) 5678 (9.6) 0.66 (0.57–0.77) 0.76 (0.63–0.92) No 2842 (93.5) 53 565 (90.4) Reference Reference Surgery during hospital stay Yes 1626 (53.5) 35 503 (59.9) 0.77 (0.71–0.83) 0.74 (0.68–0.80) No 1415 (46.4) 23 740 (40.1) Reference Reference Admission to intensive care unit Yes 259 (8.5) 5874 (9.9) 0.85 (0.74–0.96) 0.94 (0.82–1.08) No 2782 (91.5) 53 369 (90.1) Reference Reference Death at hospital Yes 174 (5.7) 2331 (3.9) 1.48 (1.27–1.74) 1.58 (1.34–1.86) No 2867 (94.3) 56 912 (96.1) Reference Reference Median (IQR) hospital stay duration (d) 14 (18) 12 (16) 1.04 (1.03–1.06)§ 1.04 (1.03–1.06)§ Note: AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale, CI = confidence interval, IQR = interquartile range, ISS = Injury Severity Scale, OR = odds ratio.
↵* Associations between opioid use within 2 weeks before the injury and trauma outcomes for patients who had a fall as injury mechanism (n = 62 284).
↵† Unless otherwise indicated.
↵‡ Adjusted for all variables included in the table.
↵§ OR is expressed for each 10 days.
- Table 3:
Predictors associated with death in hospital for patients with fall as the injury mechanism*
Predictors Hospital mortality, no. (%)† Adjusted OR† (95% CI) Yes
n = 2505No
n = 59 779Sex Male 1020 (40.7) 17 156 (28.7) 1.58 (1.45–1.73) Female 1485 (59.3) 42 623 (71.3) Reference Age category, yr 65–84 283 (11.3) 14 073 (23.5) Reference 75–84 895 (35.7) 24 895 (41.6) 2.05 (1.79–2.36) ≥ 85 1326 (52.9) 20 811 (34.8) 4.41 (3.83–5.05) No. of injuries 1 1454 (58.0) 38 102 (63.7) Reference 2 474 (18.9) 11 897 (19.9) 1.02 (0.92–1.14) ≥ 3 577 (23.0) 9780 (16.4) 1.13 (1.01–1.27) Major trauma (ISS > 15) Yes 506 (20.2) 5371 (9.0) 1.65 (1.46–1.86) No 1999 (79.8) 54 408 (91.0) Reference Admission to intensive care unit Yes 747 (29.8) 5386 (9.0) 4.05 (3.67–4.47) No 1758 (70.2) 54 393 (91.0) Reference Diagnosis of malignant tumour in yr before fall Yes 459 (18.3) 8487 (14.2) 1.28 (1.15–1.42) No 2046 (81.7) 51 292 (85.8) Reference No. of comorbidities, mean ± SD 0.86 ± 0.90 0.77 ± 0.83 1.07 (1.03–1.13) Antidepressant prescription filled within 2 wk before fall Yes 493 (19.7) 11 635 (19.5) 0.96 (0.86–1.07) No 2012 (80.3) 48 144 (80.5) Reference Antipsychotic prescription filled within 2 wk before fall Yes 306 (12.2) 4731 (7.9) 1.77 (1.55–2.01) No 2199 (87.8) 55 048 (92.1) Reference Benzodiazepine prescription filled within 2 wk before fall Yes 57 (2.3) 1577 (2.6) 0.89 (0.68–1.17) No 2448 (97.7) 58 202 (97.4) Reference Opioid prescription filled within 2 wk before fall Yes 174 (6.9) 2867 (4.8) 1.59 (1.35–1.87) No 2331 (93.1) 56 912 (95.2) Reference