Seymour Benzer | 1964 — “elucidation of the fine structure of genes” (pioneered phage-based methods) | 1971 Lasker Basic 1976 Horwitz | 2004 — “myriad contributions to neurogenetics” | None |
Frederick Sanger | 1971 — advances in protein biochemistry, specifically elucidating the structure of insulin | 1958 Nobel | 1979 — sequencing nucleic acids (RNA, DNA) | 1979 Lasker Basic 1979 Horwitz 1980 Nobel |
Sydney Brenner | 1978 — contributions “to the understanding of how genetic information is read and translated” (messenger RNA) | 1971 Lasker Basic | 1991 — “… establishing C. elegans as a model for studying genetic control of development” | 2002 Nobel |
Oliver Smithies | 1990 — “gel electrophoresis methods that allow the separation and identification of specific proteins and nucleic acids”† | None | 1993 — “homologous recombination to generate targeted mutations” (i.e., gene targeting and knockout mice) | 2001 Lasker Basic 2007 Nobel |
Francis Collins | 1990 — “identification of the gene for cystic fibrosis” | None | 2002 — part of a group of 10 awardees celebrating “the sequencing of the human and other genomes” | None |
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