Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1:
Prevalence of neonatal abstinence syndrome in newborns according to maternal characteristics
Characteristics No. of infants No. of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome Prevalence per 10 000 (95% CI) Prepregnancy surgery Yes 705 966 1052 14.9 (14.0–15.8) No 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Maternal pain comorbidity* Yes 148 769 265 17.8 (15.7–20.0) No 2 033 596 2081 10.2 (9.8–10.7) Maternal mental illness† Yes 35 666 249 69.8 (61.2–78.5) No 2 146 699 2097 9.8 (9.4–10.2) Maternal age at delivery, yr < 25 455 057 801 17.6 (16.4–18.8) 25–34 1 429 257 1290 9.0 (8.5–9.5) ≥ 35 298 051 255 8.6 (7.5–9.6) Parity 0 1 230 909 1282 10.4 (9.8–11.0) 1 696 558 581 8.3 (7.7–9.0) ≥ 2 254 898 483 18.9 (17.3–20.6) Socioeconomic deprivation Yes 432 410 805 18.6 (17.3–19.9) No 1 638 542 1431 8.7 (8.3–9.2) Place of residence Rural 419 754 400 9.5 (8.6–10.5) Urban 1 704 423 1925 11.3 (10.8–11.8) Time period 1989–2005 1 351 672 1417 10.5 (9.9–11.0) 2006–2016 830 693 929 11.2 (10.5–11.9) Total 2 182 365 2346 10.7 (10.3–11.2) Note: CI = confidence interval.
↵* Cancer, neuropathy, migraine and other headaches, dorsopathy, musculoskeletal disorders, arthropathy, urolithiasis, reproductive disorders, inflammatory bowel disease and sickle cell disease.
↵† Depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorder, stress-related disorder, personality disorder and suicide attempt.
- Table 2:
Association between maternal prepregnancy surgery and risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome in infants
Maternal characteristics No. of infants No. of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome Prevalence per 10 000 (95% CI) Risk ratio (95% CI) Unadjusted Adjusted* Surgery Yes 705 966 1052 14.9 (14.0–15.8) 1.69 (1.55–1.84) 1.63 (1.49–1.78) No 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Referent Referent Total no. of hospital admissions for surgery 0 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Referent Referent 1 460 060 549 11.9 (10.9–12.9) 1.36 (1.22–1.51) 1.34 (1.21–1.49) 2 155 781 252 16.2 (14.2–18.2) 1.82 (1.58–2.10) 1.77 (1.53–2.05) ≥ 3 90 125 251 27.9 (24.4–31.3) 3.19 (2.77–3.68) 2.98 (2.58–3.45) Total no. of surgeries 0 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Referent Referent 1 333 594 375 11.2 (10.1–12.4) 1.28 (1.14–1.44) 1.27 (1.13–1.44) 2 164 901 235 14.3 (12.4–16.1) 1.57 (1.35–1.82) 1.54 (1.33–1.79) ≥ 3 207 471 442 21.3 (19.3–23.3) 2.44 (2.18–2.74) 2.34 (2.07–2.63) Type of anesthesia used for surgery General 598 764 920 15.4 (14.4–16.4) 1.75 (1.60–1.91) 1.69 (1.54–1.85) Local or regional only 107 202 132 12.3 (10.2–14.4) 1.35 (1.12–1.64) 1.32 (1.09–1.60) No surgery 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Referent Referent Note: CI = confidence interval.
↵* Adjusted for maternal pain comorbidity, mental illness, age at delivery, parity, socioeconomic deprivation, place of residence and time period at birth.
- Table 3:
Association between age and timing of maternal prepregnancy surgery with risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome in infants*
Maternal characteristics No. of infants No. of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome Prevalence per 10 000 (95% CI) Risk ratio (95% CI) Unadjusted Adjusted† Two or more hospital admissions for surgery Age at first surgery, yr < 15 59 738 146 24.4 (20.5–28.4) 2.84 (2.38–3.39) 2.79 (2.32–3.37) 15–19 63 199 148 23.4 (19.6–27.2) 2.68 (2.25–3.20) 2.19 (1.83–2.64) 20–24 58 390 115 19.7 (16.1–23.3) 2.21 (1.80–2.71) 2.08 (1.69–2.56) ≥ 25 64 579 94 14.6 (11.6–17.5) 1.71 (1.38–2.12) 1.75 (1.40–2.19) No surgery 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Referent Referent Age at last surgery, yr < 15 16 939 34 20.1 (13.3–26.8) 2.30 (1.62–3.27) 2.10 (1.48–3.00) 15–19 34 196 82 24.0 (18.8–29.2) 2.62 (2.05–3.36) 1.98 (1.54–2.55) 20–24 62 777 132 21.0 (17.4–24.6) 2.40 (1.99–2.91) 2.06 (1.70–2.49) ≥ 25 131 994 255 19.3 (17.0–21.7) 2.24 (1.95–2.58) 2.39 (2.06–2.78) No surgery 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Referent Referent Time between first surgery and future pregnancy, yr < 5 57 376 89 15.5 (12.3–18.7) 1.76 (1.41–2.20) 1.50 (1.20–1.88) 5–9 72 284 142 19.6 (16.4–22.9) 2.25 (1.88–2.69) 1.99 (1.66–2.39) ≥ 10 116 247 272 23.4 (20.6–26.2) 2.70 (2.36–3.10) 2.87 (2.49–3.32) No surgery 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Referent Referent Time between last surgery and future pregnancy, yr < 5 160 270 336 21.0 (18.7–23.2) 2.39 (2.11–2.70) 2.18 (1.92–2.48) 5–9 52 995 110 20.8 (16.9–24.6) 2.38 (1.96–2.90) 2.29 (1.87–2.80) ≥ 10 32 641 57 17.5 (12.9–22.0) 2.03 (1.54–2.68) 2.17 (1.64–2.88) No surgery 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Referent Referent One hospital admission for surgery Age at surgery, yr < 15 65 717 129 19.6 (16.2–23.0) 2.16 (1.78–2.62) 2.08 (1.71–2.54) 15–19 86 911 137 15.8 (13.1–18.4) 1.83 (1.53–2.20) 1.46 (1.21–1.76) 20–24 115 416 140 12.1 (10.1–14.1) 1.42 (1.18–1.70) 1.32 (1.10–1.58) ≥ 25 192 016 143 7.4 (6.2–8.7) 0.87 (0.72–1.04) 0.99 (0.82–1.20) No surgery 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Referent Referent Time between surgery and future pregnancy, yr < 5 239 777 250 10.4 (9.1–11.7) 1.20 (1.05–1.38) 1.14 (0.99–1.31) 5–9 107 903 130 12.0 (10.0–14.1) 1.36 (1.13–1.64) 1.34 (1.11–1.62) ≥ 10 112 380 169 15.0 (12.8–17.3) 1.71 (1.44–2.02) 1.95 (1.64–2.32) No surgery 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Referent Referent - Table 4:
Association between type of maternal prepregnancy surgery and risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome in infants Type of surgery* No. of infants
Type of surgery* No. of infants No. of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome Prevalence per 10 000 (95% CI) Risk ratio (95% CI) Unadjusted Adjusted† General 182 550 298 16.3 (14.5–18.2) 1.86 (1.63–2.12) 1.72 (1.51–1.97) Cardiovascular or thoracic 5317 23 43.3 (25.6–60.9) 4.99 (3.23–7.72) 4.45 (2.87–6.91) Neurosurgery 3858 12 31.1 (13.5–48.7) 3.69 (1.96–6.96) 3.00 (1.56–5.77) Orthopedic 76 187 138 18.1 (15.1–21.1) 2.10 (1.75–2.53) 1.98 (1.60–2.46) Urologic 12 355 42 34.0 (23.7–44.3) 3.85 (2.81–5.27) 3.03 (2.16–4.26) Obstetric or gynecologic 321 806 541 16.8 (15.4–18.2) 1.88 (1.69–2.09) 1.80 (1.61–2.02) Plastic or dermatologic 72 001 130 18.1 (15.0–21.2) 2.06 (1.70–2.49) 2.13 (1.76–2.58) Ophthalmology 11 630 23 19.8 (11.7–27.9) 2.26 (1.43–3.57) 2.44 (1.54–3.86) Otorhinolaryngology 140 653 235 16.7 (14.6–18.8) 1.89 (1.64–2.19) 1.95 (1.68–2.25) Oral and maxillofacial or dental 48 874 92 18.8 (15.0–22.7) 2.17 (1.73–2.70) 2.15 (1.73–2.68) Other 9062 16 17.7 (9.0–26.3) 1.91 (1.13–3.22) 1.52 (0.90–2.54) No surgery 1 476 399 1294 8.8 (8.3–9.2) Referent Referent - Table 5:
Association between maternal prepregnancy surgery and neonatal abstinence syndrome in newborns of women with no pain comorbidity
Maternal characteristics No. of infants No. of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome Prevalence per 10 000 (95% CI) Risk ratio (95% CI)* Surgery Yes 607 386 902 14.9 (13.9–15.8) 1.74 (1.59–1.91) No 1 426 210 1179 8.3 (7.8–8.7) Referent Total no. of hospital admissions for surgery 0 1 426 210 1179 8.3 (7.8–8.7) Referent 1 400 777 487 12.2 (11.1–13.2) 1.46 (1.30–1.63) 2 132 173 219 16.6 (14.4–18.8) 1.94 (1.67–2.26) ≥ 3 74 436 196 26.3 (22.6–30.0) 3.04 (2.59–3.57) Total no. of surgeries 0 1 426 210 1179 8.3 (7.8–8.7) Referent 1 304 774 343 11.3 (10.1–12.4) 1.36 (1.20–1.54) 2 141 129 204 14.5 (12.5–16.4) 1.66 (1.42–1.94) ≥ 3 161 483 355 22.0(19.7–24.3) 2.89 (2.28–2.93) Type of anesthesia used for surgery General 515 854 783 15.2 (14.1–16.2) 1.79 (1.62–1.96) Local or regional only 91 532 119 13.0 (10.7–15.3) 1.52 (1.24–1.85) No surgery 1 426 210 1179 8.3 (7.8–8.7) Referent Age at first surgery, yr < 15 119 267 262 22.0 (19.3–24.6) 2.50 (2.14–2.91) 15–19 128 395 241 18.8 (16.4–21.1) 1.99 (1.68–2.27) 20–24 146 884 212 14.4 (12.5–16.4) 1.69 (1.45–1.97) ≥ 25 212 840 187 8.8 (7.5–10.0) 1.19 (1.01–1.40) No surgery 1 426 210 1179 8.3 (7.8–8.7) Referent Time between first surgery and future pregnancy, yr < 5 250 388 268 10.7 (9.4–12.0) 1.25 (1.09–1.44) 5–9 151 271 234 15.5 (13.5–17.4) 1.81 (1.56–2.09) ≥ 10 205 727 400 19.4 (17.5–21.3) 2.53 (2.23–2.87) No surgery 1 426 210 1179 8.3 (7.8–8.7) Referent Note: CI = confidence interval.
↵* Adjusted for maternal mental illness, age at delivery, parity, socioeconomic deprivation, place of residence and time period at birth.