Article Figures & Tables
Tables
Characteristic No. (%)* of patients with echocardiography
n = 1272No. (%)* of patients without echocardiography
n = 590Age, yr, mean ± SD 72.5 ± 14.1 77.4 ± 14.0 Sex, male 670 (53) 264 (45) Atrial fibrillation 307 (24) 126 (21) Hypertension 824 (65) 374 (63) Dyslipidemia 281 (22) 123 (21) Prior stroke or TIA 243 (19) 139 (24) Diabetes mellitus 340 (27) 149 (25) Coronary artery disease 128 (10) 60 (10) Heart failure 73 (6) 26 (4) Antiplatelet use 396 (31) 215 (36) Anticoagulant use 141 (11) 75 (13) Note: SD = standard deviation, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
↵* Unless stated otherwise.
Characteristic No. (%) of patients with echocardiography
n = 1272No. (%) of patients with non-cryptogenic stroke
n = 1162No. (%) of patients with cryptogenic stroke
n = 110Normal 1097 (86) 1016 (87) 81 (74) Patent foramen ovale 66 (5) 47 (4) 19 (17) Ejection fraction < 35% 38 (3) 35 (3) 3 (3) Dilated cardiomyopathy 27 (2) 25 (2) 2 (2) Left ventricular aneurysm 20 (2) 15 (1) 5 (5) Bioprosthetic valve 18 (1) 18 (2) 0 (0) Mitral stenosis 16 (1) 16 (1) 0 (0) Thrombus 11 (0.9) 11 (1) 0 (0) Restricted cardiomyopathy 2 (0.2) 2 (0.2) 0 (0) Mechanical valve 10 (0.8) 8 (0.7) 2 (2) Vegetation 2 (0.2) 2 (0.2) 0 (0) Myxoma 1 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 0 (0) * The echocardiography findings in this table are based on the first echocardiogram performed in hospital, which was most often (> 99%) a transthoracic echocardiogram.
Appendix 1 (available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.190111/-/DC1) provides additional details for the patients with cryptogenic stroke who had results of both the transthoracic echocardiogram and transesophageal echocardiogram reviewed.
- Table 3:
Characteristics of patients with a patent foramen ovale (PFO), thrombus, or no PFO or thrombus
Characteristic No. (%)* of patients with no PFO or thrombus
n = 1195No. (%)* of patients with PFO
n = 66No. (%)* of patients with thrombus
n = 11Sex, male 624 (52.2) 36 (54.5) 10 (90.9) Age, yr (median, IQR) 75 (64–84) 63 (49–80) 67 (62–68) Atrial fibrillation 294 (24.6) 9 (13.6) 4 (36.4) Hypertension 785 (65.7) 34 (51.5) 5 (45.5) Dyslipidemia 271 (22.7) 6 (9.1) 4 (36.4) Previous stroke or TIA 237 (19.8) 4 (6.1) 2 (18.2) Diabetes mellitus 323 (27.0) 13 (19.7) 4 (36.4) Coronary artery disease 120 (10.0) 4 (6.1) 4 (36.4) Heart failure 68 (5.7) 2 (3.0) 3 (27.3) Note: IQR = interquartile range, PFO = patent foramen ovale, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
↵* Unless stated otherwise.
- Table 4:
Unadjusted logistic regression model of factors associated with cardiac thrombus*
Characteristic No. (%) of patients with no thrombus
n = 1261No. (%) of patients with thrombus
n = 11Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Atrial fibrillation 303 (24.0) 4 (36.4) 1.81 (0.47–6.02) Sex, male 660 (52.3) 10 (90.9) 9.11 (1.74–167.37) Age > 60 yr 1006 (79.8) 8 (72.7) 0.68 (0.19–3.10) Hypertension 819 (64.9) 5 (45.5) 0.45 (0.13–1.50) Dyslipidemia 277 (22.0) 4 (36.4) 2.03 (0.53–6.77) Diabetes mellitus 336 (26.6) 4 (36.4) 1.57 (0.41–5.24) Prior stroke or TIA 241 (19.1) 2 (18.2) 0.94 (0.14–3.68) Heart failure 70 (5.6) 3 (27.3) 6.38 (1.38–22.60) Coronary artery disease 124 (9.8) 4 (36.4) 5.24 (1.36–17.60) Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
↵* A multivariable model was not performed for cardiac thrombus because there were too few patients with cardiac thrombus and doing so would result in overfitting.
Characteristic No. (%) of patients with no PFO
n = 1206No. (%) of patients with PFO
n = 66Unadjusted OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI) Atrial fibrillation 298 (24.7) 9 (13.6) 0.48 (0.22–0.94) NA Sex, male 634 (52.6) 36 (54.5) 1.08 (0.66–1.79) 0.91 (0.54–1.53) Age > 60 yr 977 (81.0) 37 (56.1) 0.30 (0.18–0.50) 0.34 (0.20–0.57) Hypertension 790 (65.5) 34 (51.5) 0.56 (0.34–0.92) 0.77 (0.45–1.30) Dyslipidemia 275 (22.8) 6 (9.1) 0.34 (0.13–0.73) 0.39 (0.15–0.84) Diabetes mellitus 327 (27.1) 13 (19.7) 0.66 (0.34–1.19) 0.77 (0.39–1.42) Prior stroke or TIA 239 (19.8) 4 (6.1) 0.26 (0.08–0.64) 0.31 (0.09–0.76) Heart failure 71 (5.9) 2 (3.0) 0.50 (0.08–1.64) NA Coronary artery disease 124 (10.3) 4 (6.1) 0.56 (0.17–1.39) NA Note: CI = confidence interval, NA = not applicable, OR = odds ratio, PFO = patent foramen ovale, TIA = transient ischemic attack.
↵* We did not include atrial fibrillation, heart failure or coronary artery disease in our final model to avoid model overfitting and based on prior literature of risk factors for PFO.