Exposure to medications from LMP to index date§ | | | | |
|
Fluconazole, low dose (≤ 150 mg) | 345 (1.2) | 1356 (0.5) | 2.51 (2.21–2.85) | 2.23 (1.96–2.54) |
|
Fluconazole, high dose (> 150 mg) | 249 (0.9) | 642 (0.2) | 3.91 (3.26–4.45) | 3.20 (2.73–3.75) |
|
Other antibiotics | 5864 (19.9) | 47 387 (16.3) | 1.23 (1.19–1.27) | 1.14 (1.10–1.17) |
|
Exposure to folic acid in 6 mo before LMP and until index date (yes v. no) | 886 (3.0) | 12 271 (4.2) | 0.70 (0.65–0.76) | 0.63 (0.58–0.68) |
|
No. of other prescribed medications,¶ mean ± SD | 0.7 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 1.1 | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) |
|
No other prescribed medication | 18 038 (61.2) | 181 031 (62.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
|
1 other prescribed medication | 6614 (22.5) | 70 674 (24.3) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) |
|
2 or more other prescribed medications | 4806 (16.3) | 39 705 (13.6) | 1.15 (1.11–1.19) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) |
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Demographic characteristics at LMP | | | | |
|
Maternal age (yr), mean ± SD | 29.3 ± 6.5 | 28.5 ± 5.7 | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) | 1.03 (1.03–1.03) |
|
15–34 | 22 489 (76.3) | 244 961 (84.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
|
35–39 | 4787 (16.3) | 37 554 (12.9) | 1.39 (1.34–1.44) | 1.42 (1.38–1.48) |
|
40+ | 2182 (7.4) | 8895 (3.1) | 2.68 (2.54–2.82) | 2.73 (2.59–2.88) |
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Welfare recipient (yes v. no) | 7621 (25.9) | 66 738 (22.9) | 1.18 (1.14–1.21) | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) |
|
Urban dweller (yes v. no) | 24 300 (82.5) | 240 893 (82.7) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.98 (0.94–1.00) |
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Use of health services in 6 mo before LMP** | | | | |
|
Emergency visit or hospital admission (yes v. no) | 7971 (27.1) | 106 023 (34.38) | 1.30 (1.26–1.33) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) |
|
No. of visits to GP, mean ± SD | 2.8 ± 4.2 | 2.2 ± 3.4 | 1.01 (1.01–1.01) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) |
|
No visit to GP | 9627 (32.7) | 112 635 (38.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
|
1 visit to GP | 5118 (17.4) | 55 124 (18.9) | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) |
|
2–4 visits to GP | 8701 (29.5) | 81 228 (27.9) | 1.23 (1.19–1.26) | 1.14 (1.10–1.18) |
|
5 or more visits to GP | 6012 (20.4) | 42 423 (14.6) | 1.64 (1.59–1.70) | 1.35 (1.29–1.41) |
|
No. of visits to specialist physician, mean ± SD | 2.1 ± 4.7 | 1.6 ± 3.8 | 0.96 (0.96–0.97) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) |
|
No visit to specialist physician | 15 398 (52.3) | 166 272 (57.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
|
1 visit to specialist physician | 4379 (14.9) | 44 796 (15.4) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) |
|
2–4 visits to specialist physician | 5485 (18.6) | 49 453 (17.0) | 1.19 (1.15–1.23) | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) |
|
5 or more visits to specialist physician | 4196 (14.2) | 30 889 (10.6) | 1.43 (1.37–1.48) | 1.14 (1.09–1.19) |
|
At least 1 diagnosis (in 6 mo before LMP and until index date) (yes v. no) | | | | |
|
Infection | 3509 (11.9) | 27 748 (9.9) | 1.19 (1.14–1.24) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) |
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Tobacco dependence | 290 (1.0) | 1569 (0.5) | 1.78 (1.56–2.03) | 1.30 (1.13–1.50) |
|
Alcohol dependence | 162 (0.6) | 669 (0.2) | 2.25 (1.88–2.71) | 1.31 (1.07–1.59) |
|
Pregnancy in yr before LMP (yes v. no) | 2302 (7.8) | 15 449 (5.3) | 1.50 (1.43–1.57) | 1.37 (1.30–1.44) |
|
Maternal comorbidities in 6 mo before LMP and until index date | | | | |
|
Hypertension (yes v. no) | 657 (2.2) | 5284 (1.8) | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) |
|
Diabetes (yes v. no) | 584 (2.0) | 6851 (2.4) | 0.73 (0.67–0.80) | 0.71 (0.65–0.78) |
|
Asthma (yes v. no) | 3382 (11.5) | 27 518 (9.4) | 1.20 (1.15–1.25) | 1.07 (1.02–1.11) |
|
Epilepsy (yes v. no) | 352 (1.2) | 2056 (0.7) | 1.64 (1.45–1.85) | 1.20 (1.06–1.36) |
|
Depression (yes v. no) | 4959 (16.8) | 32 480 (11.2) | 1.61 (1.55–1.66) | 1.37 (1.32–1.42) |
|
Thyroid disorders (yes v. no) | 1202 (4.1) | 13 959 (4.8) | 0.78 (0.73–0.83) | 0.75 (0.71–0.80) |