Favipiravir v. lopinavir/ritonavir |
Cai et al., 2020 (14) | Favipiravir 1600 mg po b.i.d. on day 1 and 600 mg po b.i.d. on days 2–14 plus interferon-α (60 μg b.i.d.) by aerosol inhalation | Lopinavir/ritonavir (200 mg/50 mg) 500 mg po b.i.d. on days 1–14 plus interferon-α 60 μg b.i.d. by aerosol inhalation | Cohort | China | Nonsevere COVID-19 | 80 | 47.0 (35.8–61.0)† | 43.8 | 0 |
Favipiravir versus umifenovir |
Chen et al., 2020 (15)‡ | Favipiravir 1600 mg po b.i.d. on day 1 and 600 mg po b.i.d. for 7–10 d§ | Umifenovir (200 mg) po t.i.d. for 7–10 d | RCT | China | COVID-19 with mixed severity | 236 | NR | 46.6 | 11.4 |
Favipiravir versus no favipiravir |
MDVI (16) | Favipiravir 1200 mg po b.i.d. for 1 d, followed by 800 mg po b.i.d. for 4 d | Placebo | RCT | Multiple countries | Influenza with unspecified severity | 386 | 42.7 (20.0–80.0)¶ | 45.3 | NR |
Hydroxychloroquine versus no hydroxychloroquine |
Chen et al., 2020 (17)‡ | Hydroxychloroquine (200 mg) po b.i.d. for 5 d | No hydroxychloroquine | RCT | China | Nonsevere COVID-19 | 62 | 44.7 ± 15.3 | 46.8 | 0 |
Tang et al., 2020 (18)‡ | Hydroxychloroquine: loading dose of 1200 mg daily for 3 d followed by a maintainence dose of 800 mg daily for remaining treatment days (total treatment duration: 2 wk for patients with mild/moderate disease or 3 wk for patients with severe disease) | No hydroxychloroquine | RCT | China | COVID-19 with mixed severity | 150 | 46.1 ± 14.7 | 54.7 | 1.3 |
Magagnoli et al., 2020 (19)‡ | Hydroxychloroquine dose not mentioned | No hydroxychloroquine | Cohort | US | COVID-19 with mixed severity | 255 | NR | 100.0 | NR |
Mahevas et al., 2020 (20)‡ | Hydroxychloroquine 600 mg/d | No hydroxychloroquine | Cohort | France | COVID-19 with mixed severity | 181 | 60.0 (52.0–68.0)† | 71.1 | NR |
Hydroxychloroquine plus interferon versus interferon alone |
Chen et al., 2020 (21) | Hydroxychloroquine (400 mg) po daily for 5 d plus interferon-α by aerosol inhalation (80.0% of patients used umifenovir) | Interferon-α by aerosol inhalation (66.7% of patients used umifenovir and 13.3% used lopinavir/ritonavir) | RCT | China | Nonsevere COVID-19 | 30 | 48.6 ± 4.1 | 70.0 | 0 |
Interferon versus no interferon, ribavirin versus no ribavirin |
Al Ghamdi et al., 2016 (22) | A: interferon-α B: interferon-β C: ribavirin | A: no interferon-α B: no interferon-β C: no ribavirin | Case–control | Saudi Arabia | MERS with mixed severity | 51 | 54.0 (36.5–58.0)† | 78.4 | 37.3 |
Interferon plus ribavirin versus ribavirin alone |
Shalhoub et al., 2015 (23) | Interferon-α2a (180 μg) by sc injection weekly; interferon-β1a (44 μg) by sc injection 3 times per week plus ribavirin (2 g loading dose) po followed by 600 mg q.12h | Ribavirin (2 g loading dose) po followed by 600 mg q.12h | Cohort | Saudi Arabia | MERS with mixed severity | 32 | 60.0 (42.0–73.0)† | 56.0 | NR |
Interferon plus umifenovir versus umifenovir alone |
Zhou et al., 2020 (24)‡ | Interferon-α2b (5 mIU) by aerosol inhalation twice daily plus umifenovir (200 mg) po 3 times daily | Umifenovir 200 mg po 3 times daily | Cohort | China | COVID-19 with mixed severity | 70 | 48.7 ± 18.1 | 44.3 | NR |
Interferon v. no interferon |
Li et al., 2005 (25) | Interferon-α (1 mIU/d) by im or sc injection for 6–10 d | No interferon | Cohort | China | SARS with mixed severity | 87 | 28.1 ± 9.5 | 18.4 | 71.3 |
Lopinavir/ritonavir versus no lopinavir/ritonavir |
Cao et al., 2020 (26) | Lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg) po b.i.d. for 14 d | No lopinavir/ritonavir | RCT | China | Severe COVID-19 | 199 | 58.0 (49.0–68.0)† | 60.3 | 100.0 |
Yan et al., 2020 (27)‡ | Lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100 mg) po b.i.d. for 10 d or longer | No lopinavir/ritonavir | Cohort | China | COVID-19 with mixed severity | 120 | 52.0 (35.0–63.0)† | 45 | 25.8 |
Lopinavir/ritonavir versus no lopinavir/ritonavir, umifenovir versus no umifenovir |
Li et al., 2020 (28)‡ | A: lopinavir/ritonavir (200 mg/50 mg) 500 mg po q.12h for 7–14 d B: umifenovir (200 mg) po t.i.d. for 7–14 d | No lopinavir/ritonavir or umifenovir | RCT | China | Nonsevere COVID-19 | 44 | 49.4 ± 14.9 | 47.7 | 0 |
Ribavirin versus no ribavirin |
Lau et al., 2009 (29) | Ribavirin | No ribavirin | Cohort | China Canada | SARS with mixed severity | 953 152 | NR | 48.7, 36.8 | NR |
Leong et al., 2004 (30) | Ribavirin (1.2 g) po t.i.d. or 400 mg by intravenous injection q.8h for sicker patients who are severely ill and those who could not take it by mouth; mean treatment duration was 5.6 d | No ribavirin | Cohort | Singapore | SARS with mixed severity | 229 | 39.1 ± 16.8 | 31.9 | 20.1 (as outcome) |
Muller et al., 2007 (31) | Ribavirin (2 g loading dose) by intravenous injection, followed by 1 g q.8h for 4 d, followed by 500 mg q.6h for 3 d** | No ribavirin | Cohort | Canada | SARS with mixed severity | 306 | NR | 37.3 | 41.6†† |
Umifenovir v. no umifenovir |
Liu et al., 2020 (32)‡ | Umifenovir (dose not mentioned) | No umifenovir | Cohort | China | COVID-19 with mixed severity | 504 | 59.5 ± 14.9 | 51.4 | NR |