Age, yr; mean ± SD | 63.4 ± 11.1 | 73.1 ± 10.2 | < 0.001 |
Female | 18 724 (50.2) | 169 (45.8) | 0.09 |
Frail‡ | 2052 (5.5) | 36 (9.8) | 0.001 |
Smoking history |
Current smoker | 20 069 (53.9) | 143 (38.8) | < 0.001 |
Former smoker | 11 916 (32.0) | 182 (49.3) | |
Medical history |
Coronary artery disease | 4250 (11.4) | 68 (18.4) | < 0.001 |
Recent high-risk CAD | 310 (0.8) | 3 (0.8) | > 0.99 |
Congestive heart failure | 895 (2.4) | 17 (4.6) | 0.02 |
Aortic stenosis | 283 (0.8) | 10 (2.7) | < 0.001 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 2759 (7.4) | 44 (11.9) | 0.002 |
History of CVE | 2134 (5.7) | 38 (10.3) | < 0.001 |
History of DVT/PE | 1150 (3.1) | 11 (3.0) | > 0.99 |
Hypertension | 18 197 (48.8) | 247 (66.9) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 7657 (20.5) | 73 (19.8) | 0.8 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2683 (7.2) | 62 (16.8) | < 0.001 |
Obstructive sleep apnea | 1743 (4.7) | 18 (4.9) | 0.8 |
Preoperative medications ≤ 24 h before surgery |
β-blockers | 5386 (14.5) n =37 260 | 71 (19.2) n = 369 | 0.01 |
Rate-controlling calcium channel blocker | 694 (1.9) n = 37 264 | 12 (3.3) n = 369 | 0.08 |
Preoperative medications > 24 h to 7 d before surgery |
β-blockers | 6032 (16.2) | 84 (22.8) | 0.001 |
Rate-controlling calcium-channel blocker | 819 (2.2) | 15 (4.1) | 0.03 |
Urgent/emergent surgery | 3792 (10.2) | 62 (16.8) | < 0.001 |
Surgery |
Thoracic surgery | 1053 (2.8) | 35 (9.5) | |
Major nonthoracic surgery | 22 502 (60.3) | 306 (82.9) | < 0.001 |
Other surgeries | 13 740 (36.8) | 28 (7.6) | |
Type of anesthesia |
General anesthesia | 22 961 (61.7) | 187 (50.7) | |
Regional anesthesia | 10 145 (27.2) | 75 (20.3) | < 0.001 |
Combined general and regional anesthesia | 4137 (11.1) | 107 (29.0) | |
Preoperative hemoglobin, g/L |
Mean ± SD | 130.4 ± 19.4 n = 35 978 | 125.8 ± 21.1 n = 364 | |
Median (IQR) | 132 (120–143) n = 35 978 | 128 (113–140) n = 364 | < 0.001 |
Preoperative eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 |
Mean ± SD | 80.5 ± 24.2 n = 34 696 | 68.6 ± 25.4 n = 361 | |
Median (IQR) | 84.7 (67.8–97.2) n = 34 696 | 73.3 (52.2–88.3) n = 361 | < 0.001 |