Restricting to pregnant people without opioid analgesic exposure in the previous year* |
Any congenital anomaly | None | 528 568 | 10 483 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any opioid analgesic | 6241 | 172 | 1.40 (1.20–1.63) | 1.25 (1.09–1.44) |
| Codeine | 3818 | 89 | 1.18 (0.96–1.46) | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) |
| Morphine | 398 | 18 | 2.34 (1.46–3.76) | 2.38 (1.61–3.53) |
| Hydromorphone | 976 | 28 | 1.46 (1.00–2.13) | 1.38 (0.98–1.93) |
| Oxycodone | 1045 | 33 | 1.61 (1.14–2.28) | 1.33 (0.98–1.79) |
| Tramadol | 293 | 11 | 1.93 (1.06–3.52) | 1.77 (1.05–2.99) |
Redefining exposure to include the first trimester or 4 weeks before conception |
Any congenital anomaly | None | 582 560 | 11 793 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Any | 17 019 | 467 | 1.37 (1.24–1.50) | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) |
Codeine | 9471 | 240 | 1.26 (1.11–1.43) | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) |
Morphine | 799 | 27 | 1.69 (1.15–2.49) | 1.84 (1.29–2.64) |
Hydromorphone | 2688 | 77 | 1.43 (1.14–1.79) | 1.22 (0.95–1.56) |
Oxycodone | 4049 | 116 | 1.43 (1.19–1.72) | 1.31 (1.07–1.60) |
Tramadol | 1227 | 49 | 2.01 (1.51–2.68) | 1.66 (1.20–2.29) |
By organ system† |
Cardiovascular | Any | 3090 (0.5) | 123 (0.7) | 1.37 (1.14–1.64) | 1.11 (0.91–1.35) |
Gastrointestinal | Any | 2367 (0.4) | 107 (0.6) | 1.55 (1.28–1.88) | 1.45 (1.18–1.78) |
Musculoskeletal | Any | 1972 (0.3) | 79 (0.5) | 1.37 (1.10–1.72) | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) |
Genital | Any | 1228 (0.2) | 47 (0.3) | 1.31 (0.98–1.76) | 1.12 (0.81–1.55) |
Urinary | Any | 1333 (0.2) | 50 (0.3) | 1.28 (0.97–1.70) | 0.68 (0.50–0.92) |
Neoplasms and tumours | Any | 878 (0.2) | 30 (0.2) | 1.17 (0.81–1.68) | 0.93 (0.61–1.41) |
Central nervous system | Any | 726 (0.1) | 30 (0.2) | 1.42 (0.98–2.04) | 1.02 (0.67–1.56) |
Chromosomal | Any | 598 (0.1) | 26 (0.2) | 1.49 (1.01–2.21) | 1.10 (0.69–1.76) |
Oral clefts | Any | 604 (0.1) | 22 (0.1) | 1.25 (0.82–1.91) | 0.92 (0.55–1.53) |
Respiratory | Any | 370 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | 1.02 (0.56–1.85) | 0.59 (0.26–1.31) |
Eye | Any | 272 (< 0.1) | 15 (0.1) | 1.89 (1.12–3.18) | 1.55 (0.86–2.78) |
Ear, face and neck | Any | 274 (< 0.1) | 16 (0.1) | 2.00 (1.21–3.31) | 1.40 (0.76–2.59) |
Major congenital anomalies | Any | 9160 (1.6) | 351 (2.1) | 1.32 (1.18–1.47) | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) |
Minor congenital anomalies | Any | 3712 (0.6) | 162 (1.0) | 1.50 (1.28–1.76) | 1.13 (0.95–1.33) |
Specific major anomalies (ICD-10-CA)† |
Atrial septal defect (Q211) | Any | 1934 (0.3) | 80 (0.5) | 1.42 (1.13–1.77) | 1.18 (0.92–1.51) |
Ventricular septal defect (Q210) | Any | 839 (0.1) | 33 (0.2) | 1.35 (0.95–1.91) | 1.19 (0.81–1.74) |
Patent ductus arteriosus (Q250) | Any | 738 (0.1) | 31 (0.2) | 1.44 (1.00–2.06) | 0.97 (0.62–1.52) |
Stenosis of pulmonary artery (Q256) | Any | 307 (0.1) | 17 (0.1) | 1.90 (1.16–3.09) | 1.47 (0.84–2.59) |
Atrioventricular septal defect (Q212) | Any | 206 (< 0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 1.50 (0.77–2.92) | 0.63 (0.22–1.79) |
Tetralogy of fallot (Q213) | Any | 224 (< 0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 1.53 (0.81–2.88) | 0.67 (0.26–1.77) |
Cleft lip (Q36) | Any | 309 (0.1) | 14 (0.1) | 1.55 (0.91–2.65) | 1.16 (0.61–2.18) |
Cleft palate, unspecified (Q359) | Any | 205 (< 0.1) | 5–6‡ (< 0.1) | 0.83 (0.34–2.03) | 0.60 (0.20–1.75) |
Cleft palate with cleft lip (Q37) | Any | 220 (< 0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 1.56 (0.83–2.93) | 1.09 (0.50–2.36) |
Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (Q400) | Any | 44 (0.3) | 716 (0.1) | 2.11 (1.55–2.86) | 1.99 (1.45–2.73) |
Hypospadias, balanic (Q540) | Any | 14 (0.1) | 390 (0.1) | 1.23 (0.72–2.09) | 0.82 (0.42–1.60) |
Hypospadias, unspecified (Q549) | Any | 7 (< 0.1) | 209 (< 0.1) | 1.15 (0.54–2.44) | 0.68 (0.25–1.85) |
Congenital hydronephrosis (Q620) | Any | 15 (0.1) | 499 (0.1) | 1.03 (0.62–1.72) | 0.34 (0.19–0.61) |
Craniosynostosis (Q750) | Any | 9 (0.1) | 297 (0.1) | 1.04 (0.53–2.01) | 1.26 (0.68–2.34) |
Down syndrome, unspecified (Q909) | Any | 14 (0.1) | 345 (0.1) | 1.39 (0.81–2.37) | 1.21 (0.67–2.18) |
Specific minor anomalies (ICD-10-CA) |
Hemangioma of other sites (D1808) | Any | 9 (0.1) | 323 (0.1) | 0.95 (0.49–1.85) | 1.11 (0.59–2.08) |
Plagiocephaly (Q673) | Any | 10 (0.1) | 237 (< 0.1) | 1.44 (0.77–2.72) | 0.22 (0.10–0.49) |
Ankyloglossia (Q381) | Any | 37 (0.2) | 787 (0.1) | 1.61 (1.16–2.24) | 1.57 (1.12–2.22) |
Pilonidal cyst without abscess (L059) | Any | 8 (< 0.1) | 208 (< 0.1) | 1.32 (0.65–2.67) | 0.71 (0.27–1.88) |
Preterm births excluded (ICD-10-CA) |
Atrial septal defect (Q211) | None | 551 987 | 1277 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any | 10 711 | 30 | 1.21 (0.84–1.74) | 0.96 (0.65–1.44) |
Ankyloglossia (Q381) | None | 551 987 | 697 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any | 10 711 | 21 | 1.55 (1.01–2.40) | 1.89 (1.27–2.81) |
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (Q400) | None | 551 987 | 662 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any | 10 711 | 28 | 2.18 (1.49–3.19) | 1.93 (1.32–2.82) |
Sex-specific models |
Female infants, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis | None | 281 577 | 131 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any | 5687 | 5–6† | 2.27 (1.00–5.15) | 3.97 (2.11–7.50) |
Male infants, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis | None | 297 413 | 588 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Any | 5981 | 25 | 2.12 (1.42–3.16) | 1.49 (0.92–2.41) |